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Human physiology > Reproduction 1 (male anatomy) > Flashcards

Reproduction 1 (male anatomy) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the male gonads?

A

Testes

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2
Q

How many compartments do the testes have?

A

250-300

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3
Q

What is the role of the seminiferous tubules?

A

Sperm production

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4
Q

What is the role of the testes?

A
  • Production of sperm (spermatogenesis)
  • Delivery of sperm to female

They are the primary reproductive organ - the rest is secondary organs

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5
Q

What are the 2 main cells of the testes?

A
  • Leydig cells (interstitual cells)
  • Sertoli cells (epithelial cells)
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6
Q

What do the leydig cells do?

A

Secrete testosterone

They target the Sertoli cells

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7
Q

What do the sertoli cells do?

A

Support sperm development (sperm maturation)

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8
Q

Where are leydig & sertoli cells found?

A

Leydig cells are arranged in between the sertoli cells

The lumen is where the short sperm are release, this is why you get a sperm count in the millions

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9
Q

What is the blood testis barrier like?

A
  • Has tight junctions
  • Luminal compartment
  • Basal compartment
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10
Q

Why is the blood-testis barrier important?

A

It is important as if the blood mixed w sperm then WBCs would kill the sperm

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11
Q

What is the role of the smooth muscle in the testis?

A

Peristalsis to propel sperm

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12
Q

What is the effect of testosterone before birth?

A
  • Masculinses reproductive tracct & external genetalia
  • Promotoes descent of testes into scrotum
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13
Q

What effect does testosterone have on sex-specific tissues after birth?

A
  • Promotes growth & maturation of the reproductive system at puberty
  • Is essential for spermatogenesis
  • Maintains the reproductive tract throughout adulthood
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14
Q

How does testosterone effect other reproduction-related effects?

A
  • Develops the sex drive at puberty
  • Controls gonadotropin hormone secretion (testosterone)
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15
Q

What effects does testosterone have on secondary sexual characteristics?

A
  • Induces male pattern of HAIR growth (e.g. beard)
  • Causes the VOICE to deepen bc of thickening of the vocal folds
  • Promotes MUSCLE growth responsible for the male body configuration
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16
Q

What effects does testosterone have on non-reproductive actions?

A
  • Exerts a protein anabolic effect
  • Promotes bone growht at puberty
  • Closes the epiphyseal plates after being converted to estrogen by aromatose
  • May induce aggression behaviour
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17
Q

What are 3 functions of sertoli cells?

(Part 1)

A
  • Support sperm devleopment
  • Secrete luminal fluid in which sperm devleop
  • Secrete androgen-binding protein
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18
Q

What does androgen-binding protein do?

A
  • Androgen buffer
  • Helps maintain steady androgens in lumen
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19
Q

What are 3 functions of sertoli cells?

(Part 2)

A
  • Target cells to testosterone & FSH (secrete chemicals that stimulate spermatogenesis)
  • Secrete inhibin
  • Secrete MIS (embryonic only)
20
Q

What is inhibin?

A

Released from sertoli cells

Hormone of -ive feedback loop for FSH

21
Q

Summary slide of sertoli cells function:

List the 7 functions of Sertoli cells:

A
  • Secrete fluid into lumen of seminiferous tubules to support sperm development & transport
  • Provide nutrient for developing sperm
  • Secrete paracrines that stimulate spermatogenesis
  • Secrete inhibin
  • Secrete Mullerian inhibiting substance in fetal life
  • Form blood-testis barrier
  • Secrete androgen-binding protein into lumen of seminiferous tubules
22
Q

What is the male copulatory organ?

A

Penis & scrotum

23
Q

What is the role of the penis & scrotum?

A

Penetrates vagina & deposits sperm

24
Q

At rest what is the penis like?

A

Flaccid

25
Q

What happens to the penis during sexual arousal?

A

Penis undergoes erection

26
Q

What are the 3 things that happens when a penis undergoes an erection?

A
  • Blood flow to penis inc
  • Engorges erectile tissue
  • Penis swells & elongates
27
Q

What happens during ejaculation?

A

Sperm ejaculates thru urethra

28
Q

What are the characteristics of the scrotum?

A
  • Suspended beneath penis
  • Houses testes
  • Sperm cannot develop at body temp
29
Q

How does the scrotum help with sperm being unable to develop at body temp?

A
  • Thin walled sac - 2-3 degrees cooler
  • Dartos & cremaster muscles contract to regulate temp in cold

(this is why in the cold testes shrink)

30
Q

Where is sperm stored?

A

In the epididymis

31
Q

What is the order of the sperm from the seminiferous tubules to the Vas deferens (short version)?

A

Seminiferous tubules –> Rete Testis –> Efferent ductules (exits testes) –> Epididymus –> Vas deferens

32
Q

What is the order of the movement of sperm form the seminiferous tubules to ejaculation (long version)?

A
  • Starts in the testes in the SEMINIFEROUS TUBULE, exits this part
  • Into the RETE TESTIS where it is pulled into these EFFERENT DUCTULES
  • These connect to the EPIDIDYMUS where the sperm is stored until needed - when needed certain signals go here & transports the sperm to the VAS DEFERENS
  • Then in the VAS DEFERENS different structures are added - this is where semen is made, SEMINAL VESICLES are added & it makes its way to the;
  • EJACULATORY DUCT, from here it passes thru the PROSTATE GLAND as well where further chemicals are added
  • It then reaches the URETHRA where the final thing is added; which is secreted from the BULBURETHRAL GLANDS
33
Q

What is the order of the sperm from the Vas deferens to ejaculation (short version)?

A

Vas deferent –> (seminal vesicles added) –> Ejaculatory duct –> (prostate gland, chemicals are added) –> Urethra –> (Bulburethral glands)

() = acessory glands adding things

34
Q

What are the acessory glands in the male reproductive system?

A
  • Seminal vesicles
  • Prostate gland
  • Bulburethral glands
35
Q

What is the role of the seminal vesicles?

A

Secrete alkaline (important to neutralise pH in women) fluid w fructose, enzymes & prostoglandins

36
Q

What is the role of the prostate glands?

A
  • Secrete citraze & enzymes
  • Helps sperm get thru ovum to the egg cell
  • Enzymes are used to break down the surface proteins on the surface of the egg cell so it can enter it
37
Q

What is the role of the Bulburethral glands?

A

Secrete viscous fliud w mucus

38
Q

What are prostoglandins important for?

A

To keep propelling the sperm to move

39
Q

What are the 2 types of male gonadotropins (hormones) & where are they released from?

A
  • FSH
  • LH

The hypothalamus that communicates w the anterior pituitary gland

40
Q

What is the role of FSH in men?

A

Stimulates gametogenesis

41
Q

What is the role of LH in men?

A

Stimulates androgen secretion (e.g. testosterone)

42
Q

Refer to the HPA axis on 2nd last slide

A

:)

43
Q

Describe the HPA axis for the production of LH:

A
  • Hypothalamus releases gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)
  • Targets the leydig cells - in response to LH the cells will secrete testosterone
  • This mainly targets the sertoli cells
  • Also released into the plasma –> has its own effects in tissues e.g. secondary sexual characteristics present themselves
  • Also a feedback loop here - the anterior pituitary gland & the hypothalamus, is therefore responsible for stopping release of GnRH & LH
44
Q

Describe the HPA axis for the production of FSH:

A
  • Hypothalamus releases gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)
  • FSH targets sertoli cells found in the testes, this drives spermatogenesis
  • Also drives secretion of another hormone inhibin –> part of -ive feedback to maintain stead amt of hormones in the blood to switch off the FSH signal
45
Q

What are blood levels of sex hormones like in males?

A

Fairly constant on short term basis

Prepubescent:
- Low blood levels

Puberty & adulthood:
- High blood levels

46
Q

What are the effects of androgens in males?

A
  • Stimulate spermatogenesis
  • Promote development of secondary sex characteristics during puberty & maintenance of these characteristics in adult life
  • Inc sex drive
  • Promote protein synthesis in skeletal muscle
  • Stimulate growth hormone secretion, which permits bone growth during adolescence
  • Promote development of male reproductive structures during embryonic life

Human physiology (43 decks)

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