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Human physiology > Endocrine system 3 > Flashcards

Endocrine system 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Where is parathyroid hormone (PTH) secreted from?

A

The parathyroid glands

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2
Q

What are the parathyroid glands?

A

Four small glands located on the posterior surface of the thyroid gland

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3
Q

What is the role of parathyroid hormone (PTH)?

A

Acts to increase plasma Ca2+ levels, opposing effects of calcitonin

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4
Q

What is the role of calcitonin?

A

Produced by parafollicular “C” cells, acts to reduce plasma Ca2+ levels

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5
Q

What are the 2 types of hormones produced by the adrenal gland?

A
  • Catecholamines
  • Andrenal steriod hormones
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6
Q

Where are the adrenal glands located?

A

On top of the kidneys

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7
Q

Where in the adrenal gland are catecholamines produced?

A

In the medulla (inner part)

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8
Q

Where in the adrenal gland are adrenal steriod hormones produced?

A

In the cortex (outer layer)

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9
Q

What are they types of catecholamines?

A
  • Adrenaline
  • Noradrenaline
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10
Q

What are the types of adrenal steroid hormones?

A
  • Mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)
  • Glucocorticoids (cortisol)
  • Weak androgens (DHEA(S)) –> dehydroepiandrosterone
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11
Q

What is the role of mineralocorticoids?

A

Involved in electrolye balance

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12
Q

What is the role of glucocorticoids?

A

Involved in plasma glucose levels

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13
Q

What are androgens?

A

Testosterone (but weak version)

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14
Q

What sort of cells does the adrenal medulla contain?

A

Chromaffin cells - these are neuroendocrine cells

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15
Q

What synapses with the adrenal medulla chromafin cells?

A

The preganglionic sympathetic neurone

Causes catecholamines to be released into the bloodstream when signal is sent

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16
Q

When are catecholamines released?

A
  • During fight or flight
  • Acute stress
  • Hard exercise
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17
Q

What are the 3 zones in the adrenal cortex?

A
  • Zona glomerulosa
  • Zona fasciculata
  • Zona reticularis
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18
Q

Where are the mineralocorticooids released from?

A

Zone glomerulosa - in the adrenal cortex

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19
Q

What happens in the adrenal cortex?

A
  • Aldosterone is the main mineralocorticoid produced
  • Regulated Na+ and K+ balance
  • Part of the renin-angiosten-aldosterone system
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20
Q

What is the main thing released from each zone in the adrenal cortex?

A
  • Zona glomerulosa = where mineralcorticoids are released (e.g. aldosterone)
  • Zona fasciculata = where mostly glucocorticoids are released (e.g. cortisol)
  • Zona reticularis = mainly weak androgens
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21
Q

What happens in the zona fasciculata?

A
  • Main glucocorticoid produced is glucose
  • Adaption to stress
  • Regulates glucose metabolism, also protein & fat
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22
Q

What happens in the zona reticularis?

A
  • Weak androgens = incl dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), DHEAS & androstenedione
  • 50% in women (auxiliary/pubic hair growth & libido
  • Negligible contribution in men
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23
Q

Which hormones from the adrenal glands conribute to -ive feedback?

A

Aldosterone & androgens do not contribute to -ive feedback, only cotisol

24
Q

What sort of hormone is cortisol?

A

Glucocorticoid & mineralocorticoid

25
Q

What is the release of cortisol stimulated by?

A

Acute stress

26
Q

What effect does cortisol have on the brain?

A
  • Release of cortisol stimulated by acture stress
  • Higher centres in the brain are activated in the brain during this
  • Cortisol is controlled byt the SCN
  • This is controlled by the SCN (Suprachiasmatic nucleus) - this is a cluster of neurones that control endogenous circadian rhythms
27
Q

What is the role of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)?

A

Controls endogenous circadian rhythms

28
Q

What is the typical dinural variation of plamsa cortisol?

A

Peak early in the morning, trough in the late evening

Associated w sleep wake cycle

29
Q

Where is the pancreas located?

A

Sits close to the small intestine & behind the stomach

30
Q

What is the exocrine role of the pancreas?

A

Digestive enzymes - to further break down carbs, proteins & lipids in the chyme

31
Q

What is the endocrine role of the pancreas?

A

Islets of langerhans (glucose homeostasis)

32
Q

What are the islets of langerhans?

A
  • Endocrine cells in clusters, scattered throughout the pancreas
  • Around only 1-2% of the total pancreatic mass but recieve 10% of blood supply
33
Q

What are the Islet cell types?

A
  • A or α
  • B or β
  • D or δ
  • PP
  • Epsilon or ε
34
Q

Name what each of these islet cell types do:
- A or α
- B or β
- D or δ
- PP
- Epsilon or ε

A
  • A or α = glucagon (30-40% of total human islet cells)
  • B or β = insulin (50-60%)
  • D or δ = somatostantin (5-10%)
  • PP = pancreatic polypeptide (1-5%)
  • Epsilon or ε = ghrelin (<1%)
35
Q

Where is insluin synthesised?

A

β cells

36
Q

What sort of hormone is insulin?

A

Peptide hormone

37
Q

What are the roles of insulin?

A
  • Main physiological regulator in blood glucose levels
  • Promote growth & development
  • Promote cellular uptake of K+ via Na+/K+-ATPase pump
  • Promote uptake & utilisation of glucose in skeletal muscles & adipose
  • Promote fuel storage (ANABOLIC)
38
Q

How does insulin promote fuel storage?

A

Inc rate of synthesis & storage of energy reserves (glycogen & fats) and of protein

39
Q

What is the insulin action of reducing blood glucose mediatd by?

A

Mediated by insulin receptor

(Tyrosine kinase receptor family)

40
Q

Go over slide 20, need to see what it means

A

hfoiwe

41
Q

Where is glucagon synthesised?

A

In α-cells

42
Q

What sort of hormone is glucagon?

A

A peptide hormone

43
Q

What is glucagon stimulated by?

A

Low blood glucose

44
Q

How do glucagon and insulin’s actions differ?

A

They are opposit of each other

45
Q

What is the main purpose of glucagon?

A

Raise blood glucose

46
Q

What are the actions of glucagon?

A
  • Stimulate hepatic glycogenolysis
  • Simulate hepatic gluconeogenesis
  • Stimulate lipolysis
47
Q

What is the main male hormone?

A

Testosterone (found in the testes) - main androgen

48
Q

What are the main female hormones?

A
  • Oestradiol - main oestrogen
  • Progesterone
48
Q

What is the main hormones involved during pregnancy (placenta)?

A

Oestrogens & progesterone

49
Q

What are the 3 names for different ways that hormones can interact with each other?

(Intergrated endocrine physiology)

A
  • Synergistic
  • Permissive
  • Antagonistic
50
Q

What is synergistic hormone interaction?

A

Produce much greater enhanced response than sum of the effects of individual hormones

e.g. THs & catecholamines/SNS on metabolism , CVS etc
Glucagon & adrenaline on elevating blood glucose

51
Q

What is permissive hormone interaction?

A

Presence of one hormone allows the second hormone to act

e.g. THs on GH activity in growth promotion

Prolactin (milk production) to allow oxytocin action (milk-let down)

52
Q

What is antagonistic hormone interaction?

A

Effects of hormones oppose each other

e.g. PTH increases blood Ca2+ –> calcitonin dec blood Ca2+

Insulin dec blood glucose –> glucagon, cortisol, GH & adrenaline inc blood glucose

53
Q

Refer to slide 24 for a graph example of synergism

A

Effect of hormone infusions on blood glucose levels

54
Q

What is hte ideal blood glucose level?

A

4-8mmol/L

55
Q

What are the mechanisms to increase blood glucose?

A

Glucagon –> adrenaline, growth hormone cortisol –> glucose production via glycogenolysis & gluconeogenesis

56
Q

What are the mechanisms to decrease blood glucose?

A

Insulin –> glucose utlisation –> glucose uptake and use

Human physiology (43 decks)

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