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Human physiology > Cells & internal environment > Flashcards

Cells & internal environment Flashcards

1
Q

What makes up the body fluid?

A
  • 18% protein
  • 15% fat
  • 7% minerals
  • 60% water
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2
Q

How does females body water content compare to males?

A

They have slightly less than males
Women have 50% compared to men who have 60%

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3
Q

What happens to your body water content with age?

A

It decreases
Causes wrinkles?

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4
Q

What are the 3 compartments that water is stored in the body and the %?

A
  • Blood plasma –> 5%
  • Interstitial fluid –> 15%
  • Intracellular fluid –> 40%
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5
Q

What is intracellular fluid?

A

In cells - makes up 40% of the 60% water content

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6
Q

What is interstitial fluid?

A

Between cell and bloodstream (15%)

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7
Q

What is blood plasma fluid?

A

fluid found in blood vessels

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8
Q

What is blood plasma?

A

The fluid in the bloodstream

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9
Q

What maintains the balance of water between the cells and capillaries?

A

Osmotic equilibrium maintains the constant % in each of the 3 compartments

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10
Q

Where can we gain and lose water from?

A

The lungs/kidneys - can be lost by vomiting, respiration or urinating

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11
Q

What makes up a cell membrane?

A

A phospholipid bilayer (Fluid-mosaic model)

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12
Q

What makes up a phospholipid?

A

A phosphate head and 2 fatty acid chains

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13
Q

What are the properties of the phosphate head?

A

It is hydrophilic (likes H2O) so draws to the water, forming the outside of the membrane

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14
Q

What are the properties of the fatty acid chains in a phospholipid?

A

Hydrophobic (doesn’t like H2O) so pulls the membrane together in the middle

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15
Q

How do phospholipids organise themselves?

A

Into spheres to form a membrane due to the behaviours of the tails and head

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16
Q

What are the conc. of ions around the cell?

A
  • Na+ & Ca- ions are more conc outside the cell
  • K+ ions more conc in cell
  • Proteins much higher conc in cell
17
Q

What are the factors that determine the permeability of the membrane?

A
  • Size of molecule
  • Lipid solubility
  • Charge (ionisation)
18
Q

How does size affect the permeability of a molecule?

A

Smaller molecules pass through membrane easier

Above 3nm = less passage

19
Q

How does lipid solubility affect the permeability of a molecule?

A

More lipid soluble means more permeable - due to the phospholipids

20
Q

Which molecules pass through membranes easily?

A

O2 and N2

Small & no charge

21
Q

Which molecules find it hard to pass through membranes without aid?

A

Sugars, amino acids, peptides etc

They require transport proteins

22
Q

What are the main ways that substances are moved across membranes?

A
  • Diffusion
  • Filtration
  • Osmosis
  • Protein mediated transport (two types)
  • Active transport
23
Q

What are the two types of protein mediated transport through membranes?

A

Carrier proteins and channel proteins

24
Q

What is involved in diffusion?

A
  • From high to low conc. (down conc grad)
  • Small soluble molecules pass through membrane
  • Collisions that cause random movements
  • Net movement from high –> low (movement happens in both directions)
  • Can happen in open system or across partition
25
Q

What is involved in filtration?

A
  • Takes place in kidneys
  • Filtration barriers - most substances can pass through, not all
  • Plasma delivers substances - proteins cannot pass through as too large
  • Stops the body losing important proteins
26
Q

What is involved in osmosis?

A
  • Movement of water across membrane in response to a solute concentration grad
  • Low to high
  • Osmotic pressure (P)
  • Moves across semipermeable membrane
  • Helps cell shrink/swell
27
Q

What is osmotic pressure (P)?

A

Pressure which would prevent H2O moving

28
Q

What is involved in protein mediated transport?

A
  • Proteins act as carriers & channels
  • Facilitate flow of substances that cannot permeate lipid bilayer
  • High to low conc. using facilitated diffusion down the conc gradient
29
Q

What is protein mediated transport used for?

A

Helps ions & large unionised molecules pass across a bilayer

30
Q

What do carrier proteins do?

A

The protein combines w substrate, transports it across & releases it into the cell

Are generally specific to the substrate

31
Q

Give an example of the use of a carrier protein

A

RBCs taking up glucose via GLUT1 transporters

32
Q

What do channel proteins do?

A

They permit movement through the cell membrane (through a channel) - via osmosis

e.g. Na+ aquaporins

33
Q

What happens in active transport?

A

Move molecules against the conc gradient

  • Uses ATP to produce energy for movement

ATP –> ADP using ATPase to release energy

34
Q

What is endocytosis?

A

The movement of substances into cells

Traps protein in membrane to move through

35
Q

What is exocytosis?

A

Movement of substances out of cells

Uses vesicles which fuses w cell membrane –> calcium dependent

e.g. hormones & NTs

Human physiology (43 decks)

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