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Reproduction 1 (sexual development) Flashcards

1
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

The maintenance by highly coordinated, regulated actions of the body system of a relatively stable chemical & physical condition in the internal fluid environemnt that bathes the body’s cells

Reproduction plays no role in homeostasis

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2
Q

What do gonads produce?

A

Eggs & sperm

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3
Q

What are autosomes?

A

Are chromosomes that are not involved in determining the sex of an organism

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4
Q

Where are X chromosomes found?

A
  • Found in males & females
  • Has essential genes
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5
Q

Where are Y chromosomes found & what are they for?

A
  • Only in males
  • Has essential genes for developing into a male
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6
Q

Why is there a 50% chance of offspring being male of female?

A

XX chromosome splits into 2 cells & so does XY, 50% chance of male or female

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7
Q

What are the male & female gonads?

A
  • Male = testes
  • Female = ovaries
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8
Q

What are the 2 functions of the gonads?

A
  • Produce gametes
  • Secrete sex hormone
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9
Q

What are the male & female gametes?

A
  • Male = spermatozoa
  • Female = ova
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10
Q

Are gametes haploid or diploid?

A

Haploid

23 chromosomes = 22 autosomes & 1 sex chromosome

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11
Q

Is a zygote haploid or diploid?

A

Diploid

46 chromosome = 44 autosomes & 2 sex chromosomes

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12
Q

What are the ways gametogenesis can happen (production of gametes)?

A

Mitosis = normal cell division
- DNA replicated once
- Cells undergo division once

Meiosis = cell division to produce gametes
- DNA replicated once
- Cells undergo division twice

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13
Q

What are gametes produced from?

A

From undifferentiated germ cells

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14
Q

What are all 10 stages of meiosis?

(Meiosis I to V)

A

1- Diploid germ cell (2n)

2- DNA replicated - (2x2n) sister chromatids

3- Homologous chromosomes group in pairs

4- Maternal opposite paternal

5- Exchange of DNA segments = crossing over

6- New chromosomes w mixed source of genes

7- Random alignment of sister chromatids at midline = independent assortment

8- First meiotic division 2 cells with 2n chromosomes

9- 2nd meiotic division occurs

10- 4 cells with n chromosomes

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15
Q

What happens in meiosis I?

A

1 - Diploid germ cell (2n)

2 - DNA replicated (2 x 2n)

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16
Q

What happens in meiosis II?

A

3 - Homologous chromosomes group in pairs

4 - Maternal opposite paternal

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17
Q

What happens in meiosis III?

A

5 - Exchange of DNA segments occurs = crossing over

6 - New chromosomes w mixed source of genes

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18
Q

What happens in meiosis IV?

A

7 - Random alignments of sister chromatids at midline - independent assortment

8 - First meiotic division 2 cells with 2n chromosomes

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19
Q

What happens in meiosis V?

A

9 - 2nd meiotic division occurs

10 - 4 cells w n chromosomes

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20
Q

How does the production of gametes differ in males & females?

A

Females = born w all the eggs she will ever produce

Males = will be able to produce sperm all thru their lives

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21
Q

Refer to the male vs female gametogenesis diagram

A

:)

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22
Q

What is sex determination?

A

Chromosomes determine whether fetus develops ovaries or testes

23
Q

What is the srY gene?

A

Found on Y chromosome - the sex determining region on Y

24
Q

What happens if the srY gene is present/not present?

A
  • If srY gene present = testes develop
  • If srY gene absent = ovaries develop
25
What does the srY gene code for?
For testis-determining factor
26
Until what age is the embryo sexually indifferent
2 weeks
27
What is the precursor male tract?
Wolffian ducts
28
What is the precursor femal tracts?
Mullerian ducts
29
When testes are present (due to srY gene), what do they secrete & what does this do?
- Testosterone (and dihydrotestosterone DHT) - Mullerian-inhibiting substance (MIS) These hormones stimulate development of Wolffian ducts & degeneration of Mullerian ducts
30
When testes aren't present (no srY gene), what happens?
Hormones absent --> Wolffian ducts regress, Mullerian ducts develop
31
What does the genital tubercule form for men/women?
Men = glans penis Female = clitoris
32
What does the urethral folds & groove form for men/women?
Men = shaft of penis Women = labia minora, opening of vagina & urethra
33
What does the Wolffian duct form in men?
Becomes epididymis, vas deferents & seminal vesicle (Testosterone present)
34
What does the Mullerian duct form in women?
Becomes fallopian tube, uterus, cervix & upper 1/3 of vagina (Anti-Mullerian hormone absent)
35
What does the gonad (cortex) do in men/women?
Men = regresses Women = forms ovaries
36
What does the gonad (medulla) do in men/women?
Men = forms testes Women = regresses
37
What are the stages of female internal organs development?
1 - Gonadal cortex becomes ovary in the absence of srY protein 2 - Absence of testosterone causes Wolffian duct to degenerate 3 - Absence of anti-Mullerian hormone allows Mullerian duct to become the fallopian tube, uterus & upper part of vagina
38
What are the stages of male interns organ development?
1 - srY proteins in male embryo directs the medulla of the biopotential gonad to develop into testis 2 - Anti-Mullerian hormone from testis causes the Mullerian ducts to degenerate 3 - Testosterone from testis converts Wolffian duct into seminal vesicle, vas deferent & epididymis. DHT controls prostatee development
39
What is the bipotential stage?
6 weeks of fetal development The internal reproductive organs have the potential to develop into male or female structures
40
How does female external genitalia develop?
In the absence of androgens, the external genetalia are feminized
41
How does the male external genetalia develop?
1 - DHT causes development of male external genetalia 2 - The testes descend from the abdominal cavity into the scrotum
42
What are the 3 main stages in developing reproductive activity & what age do these happen?
- Adolescence (up to 10-14 years) - Puberty (starts at 10-14 years, later in boys) - During sexual maturation (from late teens onward)
43
What is reproductivity like during adolescence (up to 10-14 years)?
Inability to reproduce
44
What is reproductivity like during puberty (starts at 10-14 years, later in boys)?
- Sexual maturation - Reproductive organs mature (can produce gametes) - Secondary sexual characteristics develop
45
What is reproductivity like during sexual maturation (from late teens onward)?
- Female reproductive system cycles - Female lose ability to reproduce around 45-50 - Menopause: loss of female reproductive capacity - Male retains ability to produce sperm
46
Give some examples of secondary sexual characteristics importance in some species:
- Rooster's comb attracts female attention - Stag's antlers ward off other males - Peakcock's feathers
47
What are human secondary sexual characteristics like?
- Do attract opposite sex - But strongly influenced by society & cultural behaviour
48
What are genotypic vs gonadic vs phenotypic sex?
- Genetic sex = determined by XY or XX - Gonadic sex = determined by presence of testes/ovaries - Phenotypic sex = the apparent anatomic sex of an individual
49
Genetic sex usually = ?
Phenotypic sex Genetic male - anatomical male - functional male
50
What happens if testes development fails?
Anatomical female in genetic male = will be infertile
51
What happens in testicular feminisation syndrome?
Will be infertile Anatomical female in a genetic male - will be infertile
52
What does genetic deficiency in the conversion of testosterone to DHT cause?
Genetic male w testes, male reproductive tract, female external genetalia DHT important in developing secondary characteristics
53
Andrenal glands secrete weak androgen - dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), what happens when there is excess of this in a female?
Excess levels in a genetic female at key stages of development will give genetic female w male reproductive tract & external genetalia

Human physiology (43 decks)

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