Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Human physiology > Reproduction 1 (sexual development) > Flashcards

Reproduction 1 (sexual development) Flashcards

1
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

The maintenance by highly coordinated, regulated actions of the body system of a relatively stable chemical & physical condition in the internal fluid environemnt that bathes the body’s cells

Reproduction plays no role in homeostasis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What do gonads produce?

A

Eggs & sperm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are autosomes?

A

Are chromosomes that are not involved in determining the sex of an organism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Where are X chromosomes found?

A
  • Found in males & females
  • Has essential genes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Where are Y chromosomes found & what are they for?

A
  • Only in males
  • Has essential genes for developing into a male
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Why is there a 50% chance of offspring being male of female?

A

XX chromosome splits into 2 cells & so does XY, 50% chance of male or female

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the male & female gonads?

A
  • Male = testes
  • Female = ovaries
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the 2 functions of the gonads?

A
  • Produce gametes
  • Secrete sex hormone
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the male & female gametes?

A
  • Male = spermatozoa
  • Female = ova
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Are gametes haploid or diploid?

A

Haploid

23 chromosomes = 22 autosomes & 1 sex chromosome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Is a zygote haploid or diploid?

A

Diploid

46 chromosome = 44 autosomes & 2 sex chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the ways gametogenesis can happen (production of gametes)?

A

Mitosis = normal cell division
- DNA replicated once
- Cells undergo division once

Meiosis = cell division to produce gametes
- DNA replicated once
- Cells undergo division twice

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are gametes produced from?

A

From undifferentiated germ cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are all 10 stages of meiosis?

(Meiosis I to V)

A

1- Diploid germ cell (2n)

2- DNA replicated - (2x2n) sister chromatids

3- Homologous chromosomes group in pairs

4- Maternal opposite paternal

5- Exchange of DNA segments = crossing over

6- New chromosomes w mixed source of genes

7- Random alignment of sister chromatids at midline = independent assortment

8- First meiotic division 2 cells with 2n chromosomes

9- 2nd meiotic division occurs

10- 4 cells with n chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What happens in meiosis I?

A

1 - Diploid germ cell (2n)

2 - DNA replicated (2 x 2n)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What happens in meiosis II?

A

3 - Homologous chromosomes group in pairs

4 - Maternal opposite paternal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What happens in meiosis III?

A

5 - Exchange of DNA segments occurs = crossing over

6 - New chromosomes w mixed source of genes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What happens in meiosis IV?

A

7 - Random alignments of sister chromatids at midline - independent assortment

8 - First meiotic division 2 cells with 2n chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What happens in meiosis V?

A

9 - 2nd meiotic division occurs

10 - 4 cells w n chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

How does the production of gametes differ in males & females?

A

Females = born w all the eggs she will ever produce

Males = will be able to produce sperm all thru their lives

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Refer to the male vs female gametogenesis diagram

A

:)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is sex determination?

A

Chromosomes determine whether fetus develops ovaries or testes

23
Q

What is the srY gene?

A

Found on Y chromosome - the sex determining region on Y

24
Q

What happens if the srY gene is present/not present?

A
  • If srY gene present = testes develop
  • If srY gene absent = ovaries develop
25
Q

What does the srY gene code for?

A

For testis-determining factor

26
Q

Until what age is the embryo sexually indifferent

A

2 weeks

27
Q

What is the precursor male tract?

A

Wolffian ducts

28
Q

What is the precursor femal tracts?

A

Mullerian ducts

29
Q

When testes are present (due to srY gene), what do they secrete & what does this do?

A
  • Testosterone (and dihydrotestosterone DHT)
  • Mullerian-inhibiting substance (MIS)

These hormones stimulate development of Wolffian ducts & degeneration of Mullerian ducts

30
Q

When testes aren’t present (no srY gene), what happens?

A

Hormones absent –> Wolffian ducts regress, Mullerian ducts develop

31
Q

What does the genital tubercule form for men/women?

A

Men = glans penis

Female = clitoris

32
Q

What does the urethral folds & groove form for men/women?

A

Men = shaft of penis

Women = labia minora, opening of vagina & urethra

33
Q

What does the Wolffian duct form in men?

A

Becomes epididymis, vas deferents & seminal vesicle

(Testosterone present)

34
Q

What does the Mullerian duct form in women?

A

Becomes fallopian tube, uterus, cervix & upper 1/3 of vagina

(Anti-Mullerian hormone absent)

35
Q

What does the gonad (cortex) do in men/women?

A

Men = regresses

Women = forms ovaries

36
Q

What does the gonad (medulla) do in men/women?

A

Men = forms testes

Women = regresses

37
Q

What are the stages of female internal organs development?

A

1 - Gonadal cortex becomes ovary in the absence of srY protein

2 - Absence of testosterone causes Wolffian duct to degenerate

3 - Absence of anti-Mullerian hormone allows Mullerian duct to become the fallopian tube, uterus & upper part of vagina

38
Q

What are the stages of male interns organ development?

A

1 - srY proteins in male embryo directs the medulla of the biopotential gonad to develop into testis

2 - Anti-Mullerian hormone from testis causes the Mullerian ducts to degenerate

3 - Testosterone from testis converts Wolffian duct into seminal vesicle, vas deferent & epididymis. DHT controls prostatee development

39
Q

What is the bipotential stage?

A

6 weeks of fetal development

The internal reproductive organs have the potential to develop into male or female structures

40
Q

How does female external genitalia develop?

A

In the absence of androgens, the external genetalia are feminized

41
Q

How does the male external genetalia develop?

A

1 - DHT causes development of male external genetalia

2 - The testes descend from the abdominal cavity into the scrotum

42
Q

What are the 3 main stages in developing reproductive activity & what age do these happen?

A
  • Adolescence (up to 10-14 years)
  • Puberty (starts at 10-14 years, later in boys)
  • During sexual maturation (from late teens onward)
43
Q

What is reproductivity like during adolescence (up to 10-14 years)?

A

Inability to reproduce

44
Q

What is reproductivity like during puberty (starts at 10-14 years, later in boys)?

A
  • Sexual maturation
  • Reproductive organs mature (can produce gametes)
  • Secondary sexual characteristics develop
45
Q

What is reproductivity like during sexual maturation (from late teens onward)?

A
  • Female reproductive system cycles
  • Female lose ability to reproduce around 45-50
  • Menopause: loss of female reproductive capacity
  • Male retains ability to produce sperm
46
Q

Give some examples of secondary sexual characteristics importance in some species:

A
  • Rooster’s comb attracts female attention
  • Stag’s antlers ward off other males
  • Peakcock’s feathers
47
Q

What are human secondary sexual characteristics like?

A
  • Do attract opposite sex
  • But strongly influenced by society & cultural behaviour
48
Q

What are genotypic vs gonadic vs phenotypic sex?

A
  • Genetic sex = determined by XY or XX
  • Gonadic sex = determined by presence of testes/ovaries
  • Phenotypic sex = the apparent anatomic sex of an individual
49
Q

Genetic sex usually = ?

A

Phenotypic sex

Genetic male - anatomical male - functional male

50
Q

What happens if testes development fails?

A

Anatomical female in genetic male = will be infertile

51
Q

What happens in testicular feminisation syndrome?

A

Will be infertile

Anatomical female in a genetic male - will be infertile

52
Q

What does genetic deficiency in the conversion of testosterone to DHT cause?

A

Genetic male w testes, male reproductive tract, female external genetalia

DHT important in developing secondary characteristics

53
Q

Andrenal glands secrete weak androgen - dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), what happens when there is excess of this in a female?

A

Excess levels in a genetic female at key stages of development will give genetic female w male reproductive tract & external genetalia

Human physiology (43 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions