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Human physiology > Blood 4 > Flashcards

Blood 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of the immune system?

A
  • Protects from pathogens & foreign molecules (parasites, bacteria & viruses)
  • Removes dead or damaged cells (particularly RBCs)
  • Attempts to recognise & remove abnormal cells (inlc tumor cells)
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2
Q

What are the 2 types of body defences?

A
  • Physical & chemical barriers
  • Immune defences
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3
Q

What are the physical & chemical barriers the body has?

A
  • Skin, epithelial linings & cilia
  • Acids, mucous & lysozomes
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4
Q

What are the immune defences the body has?

A
  • Innate, non-specific, immediate response
  • Acquired: attack a specific pathogen (antigen)
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5
Q

What are the stages of response to a pathogen?

A

1 - Detect & identify foreign invader

2 - Communicate, alarm & recruit immune cells

3 - coordinate reponse among all pets

4 - Suppress or destroy invader

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6
Q

What is the lymphatic system made up of?

A
  • Primary tissues
  • Encapsulated tissues
  • Lymph vessels
  • Diffuse tissues
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7
Q

What are the primary tissues of the lymphatic system?

A

Bone marrow & thymus

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8
Q

What are the encapsulated tissues of the lymphatic system?

A

Lymph nodes & spleen

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9
Q

What is innate immunity?

A

Present from birth –> body’s nonspecific immune response to invasion

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10
Q

Name 6 cells of the immune system & the % of them found

A
  • Basophils & mast cells = rare
  • Neutrophils = 50-70%
  • Eosinphils = 1-3%
  • Monocytes & macrophages = 1-6%
  • Lymphocytes & plasma cells = 20-35%
  • Dendritic cells = NA
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11
Q

What is the primary function of the basophils & mast cells?

A

Release chemicals that mediate inflammation & allergic responses

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12
Q

What is the primary function of the neutrophils?

A

Ingest & destroy invaders

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13
Q

What is the primary function of eosinophils?

A

Destroy invaders, particularly antibody-coated parasites

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14
Q

What are the primary functions of monocytes & macrophages?

A

Ingest & destroy invaders

Antigen presentation

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15
Q

What is the primary function of lymphocytes & plasma cells?

A

Specific responses to invaders, including antibody production

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16
Q

What is the primary function of dendritic cells?

A

Recognise pathogens & activate other immune cells by antigen presentation

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17
Q

What is innate immunity also called?

A

Non specific immunity

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18
Q

What is innate immunity?

A
  • Physical & chemical barriers
  • Phagocytosis: macrophages, neutrophils, natural killer (NK) cells
  • Engulf & digest “tagged” cells
  • Inflammatory response
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19
Q

What are phagosomes?

A

Lysosomal enzymes digest pathogens that have been enclosed in phagosomes

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20
Q

What are the components of phagosomes?

A
  • Lysosome contains enzymes & oxidants
  • Phagosomes contains ingested pathogen
  • & contains digested antigens
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21
Q

What are the stages of a macrophage engulfing an antigen?

A
  • Macrophage engulfs antigen
  • Macrophage digests antigen in lysosome
  • Antigen-presenting macrophage displays antigen fragments on surface receptors
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22
Q

What are NK cells?

A
  • Eliminate virus-infected & tumor cells
  • Secrete inferons
  • Interferon-gamma
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23
Q

What do the inferons that are secreted from NK cells do?

A

2 types secreted:

Inferon-alpha & inferon-beta
- Prevent viral replication

Interferon-gamma
- Activates macrophages & other immune cells

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24
Q

What is the role of the inflammatory response?

A
  • Attract immune cells & chemical mediators to site of infection
  • Produce physical barrier to prevent infection from spreading
  • Promote tissue repair
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25
Q

What are the key players in the inflammatory response?

A
  • Histamines from mast cells
  • Interleukins
  • Bradykinin = pain & swelling
  • Complement cascade = membrane attack complex
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26
Q

What do histamines from mast cells do in the inflammatory response?

A

Swelling, edema & vasodilation

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27
Q

What do interleukins do in the inflammatory response?

A

Fever, blood vessels more permeable to white blood cells & proteins, acute-phase proteins

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28
Q

What is the action of the membrane attack complex?

A
  • Complement proteins insert themselves into the membrane of pathogens, creating a pore
  • Water & ions enter cell
  • Cell swells & lyses
29
Q

What is acquired immunity?

A

Sometimes called adaptive immunity –> directed at specific invaders & so is the boyd’s specific immune response

30
Q

What are the 3 types cells in acquired immunity?

A
  • T lymphocytes
  • B lymphocytes
  • NK cells
31
Q

What are the types of T lymphocytes?

A
  • Helper T cells
  • Cytotoxic T cells
32
Q

What are the types of B lymphocytes?

A
  • Plasma cells
  • Memory cells
33
Q

What are naive B-lymphocytes?

A

Each cell in a lymphocyte clone has receptors specific to one antigen

34
Q

What are the main things involved in humoral immunity (B lymphocytes)?

A
  • Antibodies = immunoglobulins
  • Plasma & memory cells
  • Primary & secondary response
35
Q

What is the primary immune response?

A
  • Upon the first exposure to antigen, naive lymphocytes reproduce
  • Clonal epansion
  • Memory cells are long-lived & cont to reproduce
  • Short-lived effector cells carry out the immediate response
36
Q

What is the secondary immune response?

A

When memory cells are reexposed to the appropriate antigen, the clone expands more rapidly to produce additional effector & memory cells

37
Q

How does memory change from the primary immune response to secondary?

A

In primary response the conc of atibodies is much lower, bc of memory the antibody conc in the secondary response is much higher

38
Q

What are the 5 classes of plasma cells (antibodies)?

A
  • IgG
  • IgA
  • IgE
  • IgM
  • IgD
39
Q

What are the regions on antibodies?

A
  • Light & heavy chain
  • Fab region = fragement antigen binding
  • Fc region = crystalisable region

Pls refer to the diagram of the antibody you may be asked to label it

40
Q

Describe the structure of an antibody?

A

An antibpdy molecule is composed of 2 identical light chains & 2 identical heavy chains, linked by disulfide bonds

41
Q

Where are each of the following antibodies found:

  • IgG
  • IgA
  • IgE
  • IgM
  • IgD
A
  • IgG = 75% of total plasma antibody
  • IgA = Found in external secretions such as saliva, ters, intestinal, bronchial mucus & breast milk
  • IgE = Plasma
  • IgM = Plasma
  • IgD = Surface of B-lymphocytes
42
Q

What is the function of the following antibodies:

  • IgG
  • IgA
  • IgE
  • IgM
  • IgD
A
  • IgG = Activate Complement
  • IgA = Disable pathogens before they reach the internal environment
  • IgE = When mast cell receptors bind w IgEs & antigen, the mast cells degranulate & release chemical mediators such as histamine
  • IgM = Activate Complement
  • IgD
43
Q

Name the functions of antibodies (6):

A

1 - Activate B lymphocytes

2 - Act as opsonins

3 - Causess antigen clumping & inactivation of bacterial toxins

4 - Activates antibody-dependent cellular activity

5 - Triggers mast cell degranulation

6 - Activates complement

44
Q

What sort of repsonse are T lymphocytes involved in?

A

Cell-mediated response

45
Q

What are T cells activated by?

A

Cell activated by antigen

(Major histocompatibly complex (MHC) attaches the antigne to the T cell)

46
Q

What is the role of macrophages?

A

1 - Macrophage engulfs antigen

2 - Macrophage digests antigen in lysosome

3 - Antigen-presenting macrophage displays antigen fragments on surface receptors

47
Q

How are T lymphocytes activated?

A
  • Any nucleated cell binds to T lymphocyte (with antigen) to T cell receptor
  • Signal transduction activates T lymphocyte
48
Q

What is Major Histocomaptibility Complex (MHC)?

A

It incorporates antigen framents on the surface of a cell

49
Q

What are the 2 classes of MHC & what are they?

A
  • MHC class I = all nucleated cells
  • MHC class II = macrophages/B lymphocytes & dendritic cells
50
Q

Give an example of a of what binds to a class I and class II MHC cell:

A
  • Class I = Cytotoxic T cells
  • Class II = Helper T cells
51
Q

What is an NK cell?

A

Natural Killer cell

52
Q

How are NK cells activated & what do they kill?

A

T-cell precursors can either migrate to the thymus gland or branch off to form natural killer cells

These go on to kill antibody coated cells or MHC class I target cells

53
Q

What happens when a T-cell precursor migrates to the thymus gland?

A

Form either:

  • Cytotoxic T cells (these kill MHC class I target cells)
  • Helper T cells (these bind to MHC-II antigen-presenting cells —> then secrete cytokines that activates other immune cells)
54
Q

Look at the defenses against bacteria diagram

A

Had no idea how to get it onto a flashcard

55
Q

Look at the defences against viruses diagram

A

Couldn’t get this onto a flashcard either

56
Q

What are the 2 allergic responses?

A
  • First exposure
  • Re-exposure
57
Q

What happens during first exposure in an allergic response?

A
  • Sensitisation
  • Activation, clone B cells, form antibodies & memory cells
58
Q

What happens during re-exposure in an allergic response?

A

Many antibodies, activated T cells, intensified response, inflammation

59
Q

Refer to the diagram of an allergic repsonse

A

Can’t get it on a flashcard

60
Q

What are the 3 factors that affect blood type?

A
  • Antigens on RBCs
  • Antibodies in plasma
  • Rh antigens & antibodies
61
Q

What are the 4 types of antigens found on RBCs (determines blood type)?

A
  • A
  • B
  • AB
  • none (O)
62
Q

What are the 3 types of antibodies you can have in plasma (determines blood type)?

A
  • Anti A
  • Anti B
  • Anti AB
63
Q

What are ABO blood groups?

A

A mixture of type O and type A blood

64
Q

What happens when red blood cells with group A antigens on thier membranes aare mixed w plasma containing antibodies to group A?

A

The antibodies cause the blood cells to clump, or agglutinante

65
Q

What are Rhesus antigens?

A

They are transmembrane proteins

Maternal immune system produces antibody against fetal blood

66
Q

What does an RhD factor produce in a mother vs baby?

A
  • RhD negative mother
  • RhD positive baby
67
Q

Give some examples of autoimmune diseases;

A
  • Graves’ disease (hyperthyroidism) = thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor on thyroid cells
  • Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus = pancreatic beta cell antigens
  • MS = myelin of CNS neurones
  • Myasthenia gravis = ACh receptor of motor endplate
  • Rheumatoid arhtiritis = collagen
  • Systemic lupus erythematosus = intracellular nucleic acid protein complexes (antinuclear antibodies)
  • Guillan-Barre syndrome = myelin of peripheral nerves
68
Q

Refer to the neuro-endocrine-immune interaction

A

Couldn’t get this on a flashcard

69
Q

Summary of lecture:

A
  • Two primary lines of defence
  • Diversity of pathogens
  • Immune response = innate & required
  • Lymphatic & circulatory systems
  • Leukocytes & lymphocyes
  • Inflammation & allergies
  • Interactions between systems

Human physiology (43 decks)

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