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AA_USMLE_First Aid & Qbank > Repro_Physiology > Flashcards

Repro_Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the normal functions of LH & FSH in males?

A

Pulsatile secretion of GnRH from the hypothalamus stimulates secretion of LH & FSH from the anterior pituitary

LH:
- Stimulates release of Testosterone from Leydig cells in the interstitium of the testicles
(Testosterone produces neg feedback of GnRH & LH)

FSH:
- Stimulates release of Inhibin B from the Sertoli cells in the seminiferous tubules of the testicles
(Inhibin B produces neg feedback of FSH)
- Stimulates release of Androgen-Binding Globulin from Sertoli cells, which maintains high local concentration of Testosterone in the testicles. High local levels of FSH & Testosterone are necessary for spermatogenesis

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2
Q

hCG is structurally similar to what other 3 hormones?

A

TSH, FSH, & LH
(it can bind their receptors w/ some affinity if elevated, like in teratomas –> tumors found in ovaries or testes that also cause hyperthyroid-related symptoms due to hCG binding TSH-receptors)

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3
Q

The nerves, arteries, veins, & lymphatics of the ovaries are all delivered via the ______ ligament of the ovary.

A

suspensory

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4
Q

Name the 3 forms of Estrogen, where they’re each produced, & their order of potency.

A

Estradiol (Ovary) > Estrone (adipose tissue) > Estriol (Placenta)

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5
Q

4 sources of Progesterone?

A

Corpus Luteum, Placenta, Adrenal cortex, Testes

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6
Q

What is the effect pulsatile GnRH has (via FSH & LH) on the Granulosa & Theca cells of the ovaries?

A

Pulsatile GnRH secretion causes LH & FSH release

LH → Theca cells

  • Conversion of Cholesterol → Androstenedione
  • Enzyme = Desmolase

FSH → Granulosa cells

  • Conversion of Androstenedione → Estradiol
  • Enzyme = Aromatase
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7
Q

What hormone is responsible for the maintenance of pregnancy?

A

Progesterone

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8
Q

Elevation of _____ is indicative of ovulation.

A

progesterone

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9
Q

What hormone is responsible for the production of thick cervical mucus, which inhibits sperm entry into the uterus?

A

Progesterone

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10
Q

Progesterone - effect on gonadotropins (LH, FSH)?

A

Inhibition

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11
Q

Progesterone - effect on myometrium (uterine smooth muscle)?

A

Relaxation (preventing contractions)

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12
Q

Progesterone - effect on estrogen receptors?

A

↓ estrogen receptor expressivity

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13
Q

Progesterone - effect on endometrium?

A

Stimulation of endometrial glandular secretions & spinal artery development

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14
Q

Estrogen - effect on endometrium?

A

Endometrial proliferation

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15
Q

Estrogen - effect on myometrium (uterine smooth muscle)?

A

↑ myometrial excitability

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16
Q

What hormone is responsible for the development of female genitalia, breasts, & fat distribution?

A

Estrogen

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17
Q

Estrogen - effect on Follicle?

A

↑ growth of follicle

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18
Q

Estrogen - effect on gonadotropins (LH, FSH)?

A

Feedback inhibition of LH & FSH, until LH surge

  • Upregulation of estrogen, LH, & progesterone receptors
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19
Q

Estrogen - effect on estrogen receptors?

A

Upregulation of estrogen, LH, & progesterone receptors

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20
Q

Estrogen - effect on SHBG, HDL, & LDL?

A

↑ SHBG & HDL

↓ LDL

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21
Q

Progesterone - effect on body temperature?

A

↑ body temperature

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22
Q

Name the 3 androgens in order of their potency.

A

DHT > Testosterone > Androstenedione

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23
Q

DHT - major “early” & “late” functions?

A

Early - Differentiation of penis, scrotum, prostate

Late - Prostate growth, balding, sebaceous gland activity

24
Q

Describe the pathway of how exogenous Testosterone affects sperm count.

A 
Exogenous testosterone 
→ inhibition of hypothalamic--pituitary--gonadal axis 
→ ↓ intratesticular testosterone 
→ ↓ testicular size 
→ ↓ azoospermia

Azoospermia = No measurable level of sperm in semen

25
Q

Hormone responsible for deepening of the male voice?

A

Testosterone

26
Q

Hormone responsible for differentiation of epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles (internal genitalia, except prostate)?

A

Testosterone

27
Q

Hormone responsible for differentiation of prostate?

A

DHT

28
Q

Hormone responsible for differentiation of penis?

A

DHT

29
Q

Hormone responsible for differentiation of scrotum?

A

DHT

30
Q

Hormone responsible for growth spurt?

A

Testosterone

31
Q

Hormone responsible for closure of the epiphyseal plates?

A

Testosterone

32
Q

Enzyme responsible for conversion of Testosterone & Androstenedione → Estrogen?

A

Aromatase

33
Q

Enzyme responsible for conversion of Testosterone → DHT?

A

5 α-reductase

34
Q

Menstrual Cycle:
__a__ phase can vary in length.
__b__ phase is usually a constant 14 days.

A

a) Follicular (proliferative)

b) Luteal (secretory)

35
Q

Menstrual Cycle:
__a__ stimulates endometrial proliferation.
__b__ maintains endometrium to support implantation.

A

a) Estrogen

b) Progesterone

36
Q

↓ __?__ → ↓ fertility

A

↓ progesterone → ↓ fertility

37
Q

Define:

  • Oligomenorrhea

- Polymenorrhea

A

Oligomenorrhea: >35-day cycle

Polymenorrhea: <21-day cycle

38
Q

Define:

  • Metrorrhagia

- Menometrorrhagia

A

Metrorrhagia = frequent but irregular menstruation

Menometrorrhagia = heavy, irregular menstruation @ irregular intervals

39
Q

When are LH levels greater then FSH levels?

A

Only during the Luteal Surge.

FSH levels are higher during the majority of both the follicular & luteal phases.

40
Q

__?__ surge stimulates LH release (surge), causing ovulation (rupture of the follicle)

A

Estrogen

41
Q

What hormone causes the increase in body temperature during ovulation?

A

Progesterone

42
Q

What is Mittelschmerz?

A

Blood from ruptured follicle or follicular enlargement causes peritoneal irritation that can mimic appendicitis

43
Q

Primary Oocytes:

Meiosis I is arrested in _____ for years until Ovulation.

A

prOphase I

44
Q

Secondary Oocytes:

Meiosis II is arrested in _____ until fertilization.

A

METaphase II

“an egg MET a sperm”

45
Q

Where does fertilization most commonly occur?

When must this occur w/ respect to ovulation?

A

Upper end of fallopian tube (the ampulla)

Must occur w/in 1 day of ovulation
if not, the secondary oocyte degenerates

46
Q

Implantation w/in the wall of the uterus occurs ____ days after fertilization

A

6 days

47
Q

How soon after fertilization is hCG detectable to give a positive pregnancy test?

A

Detectable in blood 1 week after conception

Detectable in urine 2 weeks after conception

48
Q

What is the best test to confirm menopause?

A

↑↑ FSH

(loss of negative feedback for FSH due to ↓estrogen)

**note: LH & GnRH also increase

49
Q

Hormone necessary for spermatogenesis in males?

A

Testosterone

50
Q

Hormone necessary for male sexual differentiation at Puberty (such as development of muscle mass & libido)?

A

Testosterone

51
Q

Hormone responsible for Prostate growth in males?

A

DHT

52
Q

Hormone primarily responsible for balding in males?

A

DHT

53
Q

Hormone responsible for external male genitalia in the embryo (scrotum & penis)?

A

DHT

54
Q

Hormone responsible for facial hair in males?

A

DHT

55
Q

____ amplifies the effects of Testosterone due to a much higher affinity at the Testosterone receptors.

A

DHT

AA_USMLE_First Aid & Qbank (22 decks)

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