Random Flashcards
Cardiac Output = Stroke volume x Heart Rate
What is another formula for CO that is given by the Fick Principle?
CO = O2 consumption / arteriovenous O2 difference
Digoxin - MOA?
Causes increased parasympathetic tone through its action on the vagus nerve, which leads to a decreased rate of AV conduction
(2nd line therapy for atrial fibrillation behind CC-blockers like Diltiazem & cardioselective β-blockers)
Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus - Classic presentation?
Gait apraxia & urinary incontinence
Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus - Cause?
Defective CSF reabsorption by the arachnoid granulations
Syringomyelia - Classic presentation?
- Fixed, segmental loss of upper extremity pain & temperature sensation
- UMN signs
- Scoliosis
What 4 gene mutations are associated w/ Alzheimer’s Disease?
Early-onset Alzheimers (produce A β-amyloid):
- Amyloid Precursor Protein (APP) gene on chromosome 21
- Presenilin 1 gene on chromosome 14
- Presenilin 2 gene on chromosome 1
Late-onset (produce senile plaques):
- Apolipoprotein E4 (ApoE4)
Hemoglobin C occurs due to a __(a)__ mutation that results in a __(b)__ residue being substituted by __(c)__ in the __(d)__ chain.
a) Missense
b) glutamate
c) lysine
d) β-globin
For the empiric treatment of meningitis, 3rd generation cephalosporins are 1st-line therapy.
Ampicillin should be added in which type of patients? Why is it added (i.e. to cover for what type of infection)?
Infants & Immunocompromised
(neonates
Most common cause of meningitis in adults?
1st-line Tx?
Streptococcus pneumoniae
- 3rd-generation cephalosporins
(historically, Penicillin G has been universally effective but increasing resistance made 3rd-gen cephalosporins 1st-line)
Most common cause of neonatal meningitis, sepsis, & pneumonia?
Group B Streptococci (Streptococcus agalactiae)
Tx = Penicillin G in both the colonized mother & infected infant (Ceftriaxone also works)
Causes of neonatal meningitis after GBS:
- E. coli, Listeria monocytogenes, Klebsiella pneumonia
- & Haemophilus influenza type B in non-immunized infants
Most effective Tx for meningitis caused by Haemophilus influenza?
3rd-gen cephalosporin (Ceftriaxone)
Tx for meningitis caused by Neisseria meningitidis?
Penicillin G
but can also be treated effectively w/ 3rd-gen cephalosporin such as Ceftriaxone
- Dx?
CSF cultures from a neonate w/ fever & poor feeding reveal motile, gram-negative rods that form pink colonies on MacConkey agar. - Also, what is the most important bacterial factor in the development of this infection?
- Meningitis secondary to E. coli infection
(MacConkey agar only allows growth of gram-negative organisms)
- Capsule (K-1 antigen)
- this is synthesized by some E. coli & is a virulence factor that allows the bacteria to survive hematogenous spread & establish meningeal infection. Most strains of E. coli that cause neonatal meningitis do possess this K-1 antigen.
What is the only enzyme capable of 5’ to 3’ exonuclease activity?
What are the (2) functions of this 5’ to 3’ exonuclease activity?
DNA Polymerase I
(in addition to its 5’ to 3’ polymerase & 3’ to 5’ exonuclease activities)
- removes the RNA primer (3’-hydroxyl group), which is used by DNA Polymerase III for the initiation of DNA replication
- performs exonuclease excision & repair of damage to parent DNA
Urethritis - Most common causes? Symptoms?
Causes:
- N. gonorrhoeae
- C. trachomatis
Symptoms:
- Pain/burning sensation during urination
- Urgency or frequent urination
