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examplify quizzes > Repro > Flashcards

Repro Flashcards

1
Q

Which microorganism causes conjunctivitis in newborns?

A

Chlamyydia Trachomatis

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2
Q

What is the primary mechanism of action of the progesterone implant?

A

Prevention of ovulation (not thickening of mucus)

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3
Q

What is the primary mechanism of action of the progesterone only pill?

A

Thickening of cervical mucus

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4
Q

What is a possible cause of secondary anovulation?

A

Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS)

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5
Q

What is a possible cause of primary anovulation?

A

Dysgenetic gonads

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6
Q

A woman is having infertility tests. What process is responsible for the production of acellular mucus with low viscosity and high stretchibility?

A

Oestrogen action on cervical glands

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7
Q

What changes are seen in maternal resp rate in pregnancy?

A

Unchanged

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8
Q

What changes are seen in maternal minute ventilation in pregnancy?

A

Increase by 50%

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9
Q

What changes are seen in maternal creatinine clearance in pregnancy?

A

Increase by 50%

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10
Q

What changes are seen overall in maternal blood pressure in pregnancy?

A

No change (sometimes slight decrease)

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11
Q

A woman is seen at 32 weeks gestation. Her BP is 150/80 with evidence of proteinuria ++ on urine dip. What complication to the fetus is most common in this conditon?

A

Oligohydramnios (low amniotic fluid volume)

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12
Q

How soon after fertilisation can human chorionic gonadotropin be detected in maternal urine? (pregnancy test)

A

14 days

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13
Q

Which prenatal diagnostic test has the highest risk of pregnancy loss?

A

Chorionic Villus Sampling

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14
Q

What is the most common fundal height at 36 weeks’ gestation?

A

Xiphisternum (smallest/lowest part of sternum)

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15
Q

What is the most common fundal height at 20 weeks’ gestation?

A

Umbilicus

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16
Q

What is the most common fundal height at 16 weeks’ gestation?

A

Mid-way between pubis and umbilicus

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17
Q

What is the most common fundal height at 12 weeks’ gestation?

A

Pubic symphisis

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18
Q

What supplement do you need to give pregnant women to help development of the fetal nervous system and prevent neural tube defects?

A

Folic acid

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19
Q

A woman has Hb, platelets and fibrinogen are reduced but D-dimer is raised. What is the most common cause for her PPH?

A

Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation

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20
Q

Which hormone is responsible for milk ejection?

A

Oxytocin

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21
Q

Which hormone is responsible for milk secretion?

A

Prolactin

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22
Q

What hormonal change is responsible for the secretion of milk after delivery?

A

Decreased progesterone and oestrogen

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23
Q

What is the most common invasive cancer of the female genital tract?

A

Endometrial adenocarcinoma

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24
Q

What are risk factors for the development of endometrial cancer?

A
  • History of PCOS
  • Increased years of menstruation
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25
Q

What is the most significant risk factor for the development of germ cell tumours?

A

Cryptorchidism (undescended testicle)

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26
Q

A 62 year old post-menopausal women reports a small lump in her vulva. She reports a 10 year history of vulval itching. What is the most likely diagnosis in this case?

A

Vulval Cancer

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27
Q

Which lymph nodes does the uterus drain into?

A

Body - External iliac arteries
Fundus - para-aortic & superficial inguinal

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28
Q

Which lymph nodes does the ovary drain into?

A

Para-aortic

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29
Q

Which lymph nodes does the lower third of the vagina drain into?

A

Superficial inguinal nodes

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30
Q

Which structure is closely related to the lateral fornix of the vagina?

A

Ureter

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31
Q

At which junction is the internal os of the cervix located?

A

Body & cervix of the uterus

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32
Q

What is the external os?

A

Opening between the cervix and vagina

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33
Q

From which tissues do the gonads develop from?

A

Intermediate mesoderm in the abdomen

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34
Q

What part of the developing follicle directly surrounds the developing oocyte?

A

Granulosa cells

35
Q

What muscles make up the superficial perineal muscles?

A

Bulbospongiosus
Ischiocavernous

36
Q

What muscles make up the levator ani muscles? (deep muscles)

A

Puborectalis (front - rectum)
Pubococcygeus (front - coccyx)
Iliococcygeus (ischial spine - coccyx)

37
Q

What is the primary hormone responsible for triggering ovulation?

A

LH

38
Q

At what age should the first sign of male puberty be seen and what it is?

A

14 years latest - testicular enlargement

39
Q

At what age should the first sign of female puberty be seen and what it is?

A

13 years at latest - breast bud development

40
Q

What hormone stimulates endometrial proliferation and at what point of the cycle does that occur?

A

Oestrogen - proliferative phase

41
Q

What system allows the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary to communicate?

A

Hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system

42
Q

What are the FSH, oestradiol and vaginal pH findings for menopausal women?

A

FSH - High
Oestradiol - Decreased
Vaginal pH - > 4.5

43
Q

Which investigation is used to asses the uterus and fallopian tubes?

A

Hysterosalpingogram

44
Q

What is the normal fetal pO2?

A

4kPa

45
Q

What nerve supplies the levator ani?

A

Pudendeal nerve

46
Q

How does the perineal body function to maintain pelvic organ support?

A

Central point for attachment of the perineal muscles

47
Q

Give some risk factors for pelvic organ prolapse?

A

Vaginal delivery of childbirth

Obesity
Occupational - heavy lifting
Gynae surgery
Menopause

48
Q

Why can vaginal delivery cause pelvic floor dysfuction?

A

Stretching of pudendal nerve
Stretch/damage to pelvic floor musculature
Injury to perineal body

49
Q

What is the normal sperm count and normal range of volume in ejaculate?

A

20-200 10^6 per ml
2-4 ml

50
Q

What is the difference between spermatogenesis and spermiogenesis?

A

Spermatogenesis - Formation of spermatids from spermatogonia in seminiferous tubules

Spermiogenesis - Formation of spermatazoa from spermatids in seminiferous tubules

51
Q

Which cells drive the differentiation of the gonad to form the testis and where in the embryo do they come from?

A

Primordial germ cells
from the yolk sac

52
Q

Define CIN and give some risk factors for it

A

Dysplasia of squamous cells within the cervical epithelium

HPV infection
Early first pregnancy
Multiple births
Smoking

53
Q

What is the function of cervical glands and what hormone activates them?

A

Produces thick, sticky mucus to prevent further sperm or microoaganisms (progesterone)

54
Q

Where is the transformational zone of the cervix found?

A

External os

55
Q

What is the lymphatic drainage of the cervix?

A

Superior - Internal iliac nodes
Inferior Sacral nodes

56
Q

Which cells secrete HCG?

A

Syncitiotrophoblasts (2 weeks after implantation)

57
Q

What is the changes to the placenta from 1st to 3rd trimester?

A

Syncitiotrophoblast - thins
Cytotrophoblasts - disappears

58
Q

How can a pregnant woman develop anaemia during the 2nd trimester?

A

Expansion of plasma volume is greater than the increase in red cell mass
(Dilutional/physiological anaemia of pregnancy)

59
Q

What’s the lymphatic drainage of the vas defernes and seminal vesicles?

A

Internal and external iliac nodes

60
Q

What’s the lymphatic drainage of the testis?

A

Para-aortic nodes

61
Q

What’s the lymphatic drainage of the testis?

A

Para-aortic nodes

62
Q

Are germ cells haploid or diploid?

A

Diploid (have chromosomes from each parent)

63
Q

Is the entire endometrium shed during menstruation?

A

No

64
Q

A girl with amenorrhea has secondary sexual characteristics and her hormones are all in normal range, what is the cause?

A

Outflow tract obstruction

65
Q

What’s the urogenital hiatus?

A

An anterior gap which allows passage of the urethra (and Vagina in females)

66
Q

How does the mother allow sufficient Ca to the fetus?

A

By increasing synthesis of 1,25 vitamin D3

67
Q

What’s the most likely place for testicular cancer to metastasis?

A

Brain
Liver
Lung

68
Q

Which gene and chromsome is important for gonadal differentiation?

A

SRY gene on the Y chromosome

69
Q

What’s the order of female puberty?

A
  1. Thelarche
  2. Adrenarche
  3. Menarche
70
Q

FSH and LH - what cells do they act on and what is the function of these cells?

A

FSH – stimulates granulosa cells which convert androgen to oestrogen
LH – stimulates theca interna cells which release androgens.
LH surge leads to ovulation.

71
Q

What adaptions does the fetus have for optimal oxygen transport?

A

Lower PaO2 than mother
HbF has greater affinity for O2
Double Bohr effect
Increased maternal production of 2,3DPG (less maternal affinity for o2)

72
Q

What swabs can you use for a patient presenting with vaginal discharge?

A

Vulvo-vaginal - chlamydia & gonnorhoea (asymptomatic)
High vaginal (posterior fornix) - CD, BV
Endocervical - chlamydia & gonnorhoea (symptomatic)

73
Q

Risk factors for candiadisis?

A

Oestrogen medication (^yeast growth)
Diabetes/HIV (immunosupressed)
Antibitoic usage

74
Q

Anti fungal treatments (candidiasis)?

A

Nystatin
Fluconazole

75
Q

What causes syphilis and give some features of the microorganism?

A

Treponema Pallidum
(Spiral - not a normal commensal of body)

76
Q

What is the difference between syphillus and herpes?

A

Syphillus - painless ulcer (HIV associated)
Herpes (HSV 2) - painful ulcer

77
Q

What is Prehn’s sign and what does it show?

A

Pain relieved when the testis is elevated
(+ve = Epididymo-orchitis)

78
Q

How would you know a patient has trichomoniasis (trichomonas vaginalis)? What’s the treatment?

A

Mobile protozoa
Yellow, offensive discharge
Increased vaginal pH

METRONIDAZOLE

79
Q

What test to diagnose a STI in men and why?

A

First catch urine
(urethra has sexual and urinal properties in men)

80
Q

What’s a non-STI cause of PID?

A

Bacterial Vaginosis (Gardinella vaginalis)

81
Q

Why can PID increase risk of ectopic pregnancy?

A

Salpingitis (fallopian tube inflammation) causes adhesions blocking the fallopian tube so implantation occurs in ampulla

82
Q

Why can PID cause secondary peritonitis?

A

Fallopian tube is open to peritoneum at fimbrae

83
Q

What are some complication of PID?

A

Peritonitis
Fitz-Hugh Curtis syndrome (peri-hepatitis)
Ectopic pregnancy
Subfertility

84
Q

What hormone change is responsible for the suppression of FSH release?

A

Rise in Inhibin levels

examplify quizzes (19 decks)

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