Infection Flashcards
How is sepsis diagnosed?
Through obs and clinical features
What is the name of the first intracellular vesicle inside a phagocyte containing the bacteria?
Phagosome
What is an innate mechanism in the lower resp tract?
Bronchial cillia
What part of Neisseria meningitidis is used for the vaccine?
The capsule
What is the gram stain of Neisseria meningitidis?
Gram negative cocci
What treatment for genital herpes?
Aciclovir
How would you work out if the patient was on the correct dose?
Minimum inhibitory concentration
What is the immune response to a virus?
Stimulates a TH1 response
activating CD8 t cells
stimulating their differentiation into cytoxic t lymphocytes
Which immune cells present bacterial peptides via MHC class II molecules?
Dendritic cells
What is the best defence to block E coli toxin?
Antibody response
MRSA treatment?
I.v. vancomycin
C.difficile treatment?
Oral metronidazole + stop previous abx
In what cells does EBV lie dormant?
B lymphocytes
Which cell would cause the high WCC in EBV?
T lymphocytes
Which cell is responsible for controlling HIV infection?
HIV specific CD8+ T cell (VIRUS)
What organisms are vulnerable to splenectomy patients?
Haemophillus influenzae
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Neisseria meningitidis
(encapsulated bacteria)
Function of IgA? IgA deficiency presents as…
Found on mucosal surfaces (resp tract)
… Resp tract infections, sinusitis
Which species is associated with severe malaria?
Plasmodium falciparum
Lumbar puncture results with bacterial meningitis?
Low glucose
High WCC
Normal/high protein
What type of antibiotic is clarithromycin?
Macrolide
Where would a murmur be heard affecting the tri-cupsid valve endocarditis?
Systolic murmur in the left lower sternal border
(regurgitation as valves are less competent)
What are HIV patients vulnerable to causing pneumonia?
Pneumocystis jiroveci
What causes the low haemoglobin in malaria?
Merozoites (daughter parasites)
What is an important virulence factor for E.coli causing a UTI?
Adhesions on fimbria
Oseltamivir (tamiflu) MoA?
Blocks emergence of influenza virus from the infected cell
What is an example of indirect transmission?
Mosquito acting as a VECTOR in malaria
Define a ‘hospital acquired infection’.
An infection acquired within 48 hrs of admission or 48 hrs post discharge of hospital care
What’s the stages of biofilm production?
- Bacteria adopt a spore-like state (planktonic phase) due to limited nutrients available
- Bacteria attach to a suitable surface, multiply and form an extracellular matrix
- Bacteria now able to communicate with each other to send signals to each other and nutrients to diffuse to each other
What is Quorum sensing?
Modulation in gene expression in response to cell population density
What type of barrier to infection is coughing?
Physiological barrier
What do phagocytes have to allow them to recognise microbes?
Pathogen recognition receptors (PPRs)
What are the features of innate immunity?
- Physical barriers like the skin, cilia and mucous membranes
- Physiological barriers like coughing, vomiting and diarrhoea
- Chemical barriers like stomach acid
- Biological barriers like the normal flora of the body
What parts of the compliment system recruit phagocytes?
C3a and C5a
What part of the microbe does the PRR recognise?
PAMP (pathogen-assocaited molecular pattern)
Which cell plays a major role in allergic reactions?
Mast cells
What could happen to a T cell that has been activated by MHC class II?
Activate neutrophils
Increase eosinophil number
Activate B cells
Activate mast cells
What is the function of Erythromycin?
Inhibits cell wall synthesis
What does bacteriostatic mean?
Slows the growth and replication of bacteria but doesn’t kill it
What is the last antibody to appear when the body is clearing a Hepatitis B virus infection?
HbsAb
What is the treatment regimen for HIV?
2 x Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors
with
1 x Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors
or
1x protease inhibitor
What is CVID?
Common Variable Immunodeficiency disease
(have B cells just cannot produce antibodies)
