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examplify quizzes > EoY2 Examplify formative > Flashcards

EoY2 Examplify formative Flashcards

1
Q

What is the difference between T1 and T2 MRI?

A

T1 - fat is white (fat signal enhanced)
T2 - water is white (water signal enhanced)

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2
Q

How does the normal ventricular septum form?

A
  1. Muscular portion grows upwards from the floor of the ventricles.
  2. Membranous portion grows downwards from from the endothelial cushions to fuse with the muscular portion
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3
Q

Which part of the ventricular septum is the most vulnerable to anomalous development?

A

Membranous portion

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4
Q

Name the L > R shunts

A

Atrial septal defect
Ventricular septal defect
Patent ductus arteriosus

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5
Q

Would a L > R shunt cause cyanosis and why?

A

No because there is mixing of deoxygenated blood with the oxygenated blood circulating around the body

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6
Q

What hormone can be used to indicate whether ovulation has occurred and why? What is the best time to test it?

A

Progesterone
The corpus luteum forms at ovulation and it secretes progesterone
21 days - mid luteal phase (peaks)

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7
Q

Why is a delayed period heavier then normal?

A

Proliferative phase of the menstrual cycle is longer - so endothelial lining will be thicker as it has proliferated more

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8
Q

What does RA look on an x-ray?

A

Loss of joint space
Erosions
Subluxation
Soft tissue (periarticular osteopenia)

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9
Q

What are the 2 antibodies raised in RA?

A

Rheumatoid Factor
Anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide (anti-CCP)

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10
Q

Which nerve supplies sensation to the nose?

A

Maxllary division of trigeminal

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11
Q

What are the signs associated with acute sinusitis?

A

Raised temp
Discoloured nasal discharge
Facial pain
Tenderness over the sinuses

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12
Q

What intracranial complication could arise as a result of sinusitis and why?

A

Cavernous sinus thrombosis (anastomosis between venous drainage of nasal mucosa and the cavernous sinus allows infection

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13
Q

What structures are vulnerable in a cavernous sinus thrombosis?

A

CN III, IV, Va, Vb
ICA

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14
Q

Factors increasing intracranial haemorrhage after a fall?

A

Increased age - cenile atrophy
Head injury
Falling down stairs

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15
Q

MoA of apixaban?

A

Selective factor inhibitor of Xa

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16
Q

What name is given for healing phase of primary intention on day 3?

A

Regenerative phase

17
Q

Describe the regenerative phase?

A
  1. Granulation tissue made up of fibroblasts and new capillaries invades the space
  2. Epithelial cell proliferation thickens epidermal layer to push scab off
  3. Activated fibroblasts produce collagen
18
Q

What are the cvs compensatory mechanisms in hypovolaemic shock?

A

Vasoconstriction
Tachycardia
Increased renin release
Increased contractillity

19
Q

Signs of acute limb ischaemia?

A

Perishing with cold
Paraesthesia
Pallor
Paralysis
Reduced capillary refill

20
Q

What would the effect of 3rd degree block on HR?

A

Bradycardia - AV node blocked so ventricles depolarise at their own rate which is slower

21
Q

What is the PR interval?

A

Immediately before the P wave to immediately before the Q wave

22
Q

What is the inverse care law?

A

The availability of good medical care tends to vary inversely with the need of the population

23
Q

Social determinants of health?

A

Social class
Age
Gender
Ethnicity
Disability
Homelessness
Deprivation

24
Q

Define health inequalties

A

Unfair or avoidable differences in life expectancy/morbidity between groups within the same country/population

25
Q

ADH MoA?

A

Increased aquaporins into apical membrane of DCT/CD

26
Q

Define wallerian degeneration

A

Nerve degeneration distal to the nerve injury

27
Q

How do nerves regenerate?

A

Axons sprout from the proximal part of the severed nerve, sprout enters the vacated neurilemma

28
Q

Sciatic nerve dermatome?

A

Lateral leg

29
Q

Which muscle does the sciatic nerve leave on top of and with what artery?

A

Piriformis
Inferior gluteal artery

30
Q

What is the treatment of gonorrhoea?

A

Multiple abx
Has developed resistance to mutiple abx

31
Q

What gram stain does gonnorhea show?

A

gram -ve diplococci
Neisseria Gonorrhoeae

32
Q

Risk factors for STI?

A

Young age
^Sexual parners

33
Q

How to test for a STI?

A

High vaginal swab
Endocervical swab
Vaginal pH

34
Q

Long term treatment for COPD?

A

Flu vaccine
Review of inhaler technique
Pulmonary rehabilitation

35
Q

Exacerbation of COPD treatment?

A

Corticosteriods
Abx
Nebulised SABA
O2 if less than 88%

36
Q

What metabolites can cause METABOLIC acidosis?

A

Acetoacetate
Pyruvate
Ketone bodies
HCO3-

37
Q

What is the use of the lactate in the body?

A

Taken up in the liver, heart and kidney
Then converted to pyruvate by LDH
Pyruvate used as energy or precursor for gluconeogenesis in liver/kidney

38
Q

What causes the hand of bennediction?

A

FDS/FDP/lumbricals/ not supplied to lateral 3 fingers due to median nerve palsy

examplify quizzes (19 decks)

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