EoY2 Examplify formative Flashcards
What is the difference between T1 and T2 MRI?
T1 - fat is white (fat signal enhanced)
T2 - water is white (water signal enhanced)
How does the normal ventricular septum form?
- Muscular portion grows upwards from the floor of the ventricles.
- Membranous portion grows downwards from from the endothelial cushions to fuse with the muscular portion
Which part of the ventricular septum is the most vulnerable to anomalous development?
Membranous portion
Name the L > R shunts
Atrial septal defect
Ventricular septal defect
Patent ductus arteriosus
Would a L > R shunt cause cyanosis and why?
No because there is mixing of deoxygenated blood with the oxygenated blood circulating around the body
What hormone can be used to indicate whether ovulation has occurred and why? What is the best time to test it?
Progesterone
The corpus luteum forms at ovulation and it secretes progesterone
21 days - mid luteal phase (peaks)
Why is a delayed period heavier then normal?
Proliferative phase of the menstrual cycle is longer - so endothelial lining will be thicker as it has proliferated more
What does RA look on an x-ray?
Loss of joint space
Erosions
Subluxation
Soft tissue (periarticular osteopenia)
What are the 2 antibodies raised in RA?
Rheumatoid Factor
Anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide (anti-CCP)
Which nerve supplies sensation to the nose?
Maxllary division of trigeminal
What are the signs associated with acute sinusitis?
Raised temp
Discoloured nasal discharge
Facial pain
Tenderness over the sinuses
What intracranial complication could arise as a result of sinusitis and why?
Cavernous sinus thrombosis (anastomosis between venous drainage of nasal mucosa and the cavernous sinus allows infection
What structures are vulnerable in a cavernous sinus thrombosis?
CN III, IV, Va, Vb
ICA
Factors increasing intracranial haemorrhage after a fall?
Increased age - cenile atrophy
Head injury
Falling down stairs
MoA of apixaban?
Selective factor inhibitor of Xa
What name is given for healing phase of primary intention on day 3?
Regenerative phase
Describe the regenerative phase?
- Granulation tissue made up of fibroblasts and new capillaries invades the space
- Epithelial cell proliferation thickens epidermal layer to push scab off
- Activated fibroblasts produce collagen
What are the cvs compensatory mechanisms in hypovolaemic shock?
Vasoconstriction
Tachycardia
Increased renin release
Increased contractillity
Signs of acute limb ischaemia?
Perishing with cold
Paraesthesia
Pallor
Paralysis
Reduced capillary refill
What would the effect of 3rd degree block on HR?
Bradycardia - AV node blocked so ventricles depolarise at their own rate which is slower
What is the PR interval?
Immediately before the P wave to immediately before the Q wave
What is the inverse care law?
The availability of good medical care tends to vary inversely with the need of the population
Social determinants of health?
Social class
Age
Gender
Ethnicity
Disability
Homelessness
Deprivation
Define health inequalties
Unfair or avoidable differences in life expectancy/morbidity between groups within the same country/population
ADH MoA?
Increased aquaporins into apical membrane of DCT/CD
Define wallerian degeneration
Nerve degeneration distal to the nerve injury
How do nerves regenerate?
Axons sprout from the proximal part of the severed nerve, sprout enters the vacated neurilemma
Sciatic nerve dermatome?
Lateral leg
Which muscle does the sciatic nerve leave on top of and with what artery?
Piriformis
Inferior gluteal artery
What is the treatment of gonorrhoea?
Multiple abx
Has developed resistance to mutiple abx
What gram stain does gonnorhea show?
gram -ve diplococci
Neisseria Gonorrhoeae
Risk factors for STI?
Young age
^Sexual parners
How to test for a STI?
High vaginal swab
Endocervical swab
Vaginal pH
Long term treatment for COPD?
Flu vaccine
Review of inhaler technique
Pulmonary rehabilitation
Exacerbation of COPD treatment?
Corticosteriods
Abx
Nebulised SABA
O2 if less than 88%
What metabolites can cause METABOLIC acidosis?
Acetoacetate
Pyruvate
Ketone bodies
HCO3-
What is the use of the lactate in the body?
Taken up in the liver, heart and kidney
Then converted to pyruvate by LDH
Pyruvate used as energy or precursor for gluconeogenesis in liver/kidney
What causes the hand of bennediction?
FDS/FDP/lumbricals/ not supplied to lateral 3 fingers due to median nerve palsy
