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examplify quizzes > ESA 4 Formatives > Flashcards

ESA 4 Formatives Flashcards

1
Q

Names some causes of hyperkalaemia.

A

AKI/CKD
ACE-i
Addisonian crisis

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2
Q

What is the criteria to begin treatment for hyperkalaemia?

A

K+ >6.5 mmol/L
ECG changes

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3
Q

How can sinusitis occur?

A
  1. URTI causes immotile cilia, increased mucosal secretions and oedema
  2. Blocks ostia impairs drainage of sinuses
  3. Stagnant fluid in sinuses prone to infection
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4
Q

What is a complication of siniusits in the ethmoid sinus?

A

Orbital cellulitis (spreads through the wall of the orbit)

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5
Q

What is the complication with orbital cellulitis?

A

Visual loss due to the involvement of the optic nerve

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6
Q

What are the 3 muscular layers of the stomach?

A

Oblique
Longitudinal Circular

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7
Q

Define dyspepsia

A

A complex of upper GI symptoms which are present for 4 or more weeks, including
upper abdo pain
heartburn
acid reflux
nausea and/ or vomiting

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8
Q

What enzyme converts urea to ammonia in H.pylori?

A

Cytoplasmic urease

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9
Q

What is the precursor of progesterone and oestrogen in the body?

A

Cholesterol

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10
Q

What enzyme metabolises COCP and what drugs decrease the efficacy of COCP?

A

CYP450

anti-epileptics (carbamazepine, phenytoin)
antibiotics (rifampicin, rifabutin)

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11
Q

What are some contraindications for the COCP?

A

Migraines with aura
high BMI
history of VTE
ischaemic heart
disease
breast cancer
hypertension

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12
Q

Why can COPD cause chronic hypercapnia?

A

The central chemoreceptors adapt (reset) to the persistent hypercapnia

Due to the choroid plexus increasing active transport of HCO3 into the CSF

Central chemoreceptors are no longer responsive to the hypercapnia

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13
Q

What are some features of COPD on CXR?

A

Flattened hemidiaphragms
Hyperlucency of lungs
Hyperinflated lungs
Increased number of anterior ribs seen

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14
Q

What is the pathophysiology of iatrogenic Cushing’s syndrome?

A

Caused by medical treatment
Long-term corticosteroid use causes excess cortisol to build up in blood

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15
Q

Why do you need to gradually wean somebody off corticosteriods?

A

Adrenal gland dysfunction by suppression of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis
Which can lead to adrenal insufficiency

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16
Q

What lung conditions should you be aware of with a HIV patient?

A

Pneumocystis pneumonia
TB

17
Q

How does the coronary circulation meet the demand of the heart?

A

High capillary density creates a large surface area over for gas exchange

Very small diffusion distance

Continuous production of nitrous oxide (NO - vasodilator)

18
Q

What are the steps required for the development of a tumour?

A
  1. Self sufficiency in growth signals
  2. Resistance to growth stop signals
  3. Cell immortilisation (no limitation on the number of times a cell can divide)
  4. Sustained ability to induce new blood vessels (angiogenesis)
  5. Resistance to apoptosis
  6. Ability to invade and produce metastases
19
Q

What is the MoA of methotrexate?

A

Reversible competitive inhibitor of Dihydrofolate Reductase

20
Q

How do you interpret a confidence ratio of 0.87 (0.56-1.2)

A

The Null hypothesis of 1 falls within the 95% Confidence intervals,
therefore there is no statistical significance, as any observed difference (0.87) from the Null
hypothesis (1) may be due to chance.

(CROSSES 1)

21
Q

What is vaccine hesitancy?

A

The delay in acceptance or refusal of vaccines despite availability of vaccine
services.

22
Q

How can frailty be measured?

A

Frailty Index score

23
Q

What are some complications of frailty?

A

High risk of complications
Increased hospital length of stay
End-of-life care
Increased likelihood of readmission
Increased mortality
Increased risk of falls

24
Q

What would a coombs test say for the FIRST baby in haemolytic disease of the newborn?

A

Rhesus -ve

25
Q

What are the different symptoms of organophosphate poisoning?

A

SLUDGE
Salivation
Lacrimation
Urination
Defecation
GI upset
Emesis

Nicotinic symptoms:
(Days of the week)
M muscle cramps
T tachycardia
W weakness
T twitching
F fasciculations

26
Q

How would you treat organophosphate poisoning?

A

atropine- mAChR antagonist

(acetylcholine esterase inhibited in poisoning)

27
Q

What are you differentials with low modd?

A

Depression vs Adjustment reaction

Adjustment reaction: Still has interest in hobbies
Adjustment reaction:Symptoms fluctuate

28
Q

What are the neurotransmitters involved in mood disorders?

A

Serotonin
Noradrenaline

examplify quizzes (19 decks)

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