ESA 4 Formatives Flashcards
Names some causes of hyperkalaemia.
AKI/CKD
ACE-i
Addisonian crisis
What is the criteria to begin treatment for hyperkalaemia?
K+ >6.5 mmol/L
ECG changes
How can sinusitis occur?
- URTI causes immotile cilia, increased mucosal secretions and oedema
- Blocks ostia impairs drainage of sinuses
- Stagnant fluid in sinuses prone to infection
What is a complication of siniusits in the ethmoid sinus?
Orbital cellulitis (spreads through the wall of the orbit)
What is the complication with orbital cellulitis?
Visual loss due to the involvement of the optic nerve
What are the 3 muscular layers of the stomach?
Oblique
Longitudinal Circular
Define dyspepsia
A complex of upper GI symptoms which are present for 4 or more weeks, including
upper abdo pain
heartburn
acid reflux
nausea and/ or vomiting
What enzyme converts urea to ammonia in H.pylori?
Cytoplasmic urease
What is the precursor of progesterone and oestrogen in the body?
Cholesterol
What enzyme metabolises COCP and what drugs decrease the efficacy of COCP?
CYP450
anti-epileptics (carbamazepine, phenytoin)
antibiotics (rifampicin, rifabutin)
What are some contraindications for the COCP?
Migraines with aura
high BMI
history of VTE
ischaemic heart
disease
breast cancer
hypertension
Why can COPD cause chronic hypercapnia?
The central chemoreceptors adapt (reset) to the persistent hypercapnia
Due to the choroid plexus increasing active transport of HCO3 into the CSF
Central chemoreceptors are no longer responsive to the hypercapnia
What are some features of COPD on CXR?
Flattened hemidiaphragms
Hyperlucency of lungs
Hyperinflated lungs
Increased number of anterior ribs seen
What is the pathophysiology of iatrogenic Cushing’s syndrome?
Caused by medical treatment
Long-term corticosteroid use causes excess cortisol to build up in blood
Why do you need to gradually wean somebody off corticosteriods?
Adrenal gland dysfunction by suppression of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis
Which can lead to adrenal insufficiency
What lung conditions should you be aware of with a HIV patient?
Pneumocystis pneumonia
TB
How does the coronary circulation meet the demand of the heart?
High capillary density creates a large surface area over for gas exchange
Very small diffusion distance
Continuous production of nitrous oxide (NO - vasodilator)
What are the steps required for the development of a tumour?
- Self sufficiency in growth signals
- Resistance to growth stop signals
- Cell immortilisation (no limitation on the number of times a cell can divide)
- Sustained ability to induce new blood vessels (angiogenesis)
- Resistance to apoptosis
- Ability to invade and produce metastases
What is the MoA of methotrexate?
Reversible competitive inhibitor of Dihydrofolate Reductase
How do you interpret a confidence ratio of 0.87 (0.56-1.2)
The Null hypothesis of 1 falls within the 95% Confidence intervals,
therefore there is no statistical significance, as any observed difference (0.87) from the Null
hypothesis (1) may be due to chance.
(CROSSES 1)
What is vaccine hesitancy?
The delay in acceptance or refusal of vaccines despite availability of vaccine
services.
How can frailty be measured?
Frailty Index score
What are some complications of frailty?
High risk of complications
Increased hospital length of stay
End-of-life care
Increased likelihood of readmission
Increased mortality
Increased risk of falls
What would a coombs test say for the FIRST baby in haemolytic disease of the newborn?
Rhesus -ve
What are the different symptoms of organophosphate poisoning?
SLUDGE
Salivation
Lacrimation
Urination
Defecation
GI upset
Emesis
Nicotinic symptoms:
(Days of the week)
M muscle cramps
T tachycardia
W weakness
T twitching
F fasciculations
How would you treat organophosphate poisoning?
atropine- mAChR antagonist
(acetylcholine esterase inhibited in poisoning)
What are you differentials with low modd?
Depression vs Adjustment reaction
Adjustment reaction: Still has interest in hobbies
Adjustment reaction:Symptoms fluctuate
What are the neurotransmitters involved in mood disorders?
Serotonin
Noradrenaline
