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examplify quizzes > CVS > Flashcards

CVS Flashcards

1
Q

In which week does the embryo fold

A

4th week

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2
Q

What is the pressures of the atria in utero?

A

RA pressure > LA pressure
(to allow oxygenated blood to pass through foramen ovale)

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3
Q

What are the remnants of the fetal shunts called?

A

Fossa ovalis (PO)
Ligamentum arterisoum (DA)
Ligamentum teres (DV)

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4
Q

What’s the membrane resting potential in ventricular myocytes?

A

-85mV

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5
Q

What channel type is responsible for the uptake of AP in pacemaker cells

A

L type Ca channels

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6
Q

What effect does hyperkalaemia have on the spread of action potentials?

A

Cardiac myocytes depolarise inactivating sodium channels so slowing down the spread

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7
Q

What does Ca bind to initiate myocyte contraction?

A

Troponin C

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8
Q

Adenosine MoA?

A

Slows down AV node conduction

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9
Q

What is the pressure in the LV if the Left atrial pressure is 5-20 mmHg?

A

5-20mmHg
Otherwise blood cannot flow there during diastole

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10
Q

Which coronary artery runs through the atrioventricular groove?

A

Right coronary artery

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11
Q

Where do the L and R coronary arteries arise from?

A

L and R aortic sinus

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12
Q

What aspect of the heart does the circumflex artery supply?

A

Left lateral

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13
Q

What structure separates the aorta and pulmonary trunk?

A

Transverse pericardial sinus

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14
Q

What effect on aBP, CVP & TPR will major blood loss have?

A

aBP - decreased (less blood in body)
CVP - decreased (less blood in body)
TPR - increased (try to maintain BP)

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15
Q

Which leads for a lateral infarct?

A

I, avL, V5, V6

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16
Q

Which leads for a anterolateral infarct?

A

I, aVL, V3, V4, V5, V6

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17
Q

Where would you check for the apex beat?

A

Left 5th intercostal space, mid-clavicular line

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18
Q

Which muscles help prevent inversion of the mitral and tricuspid valves in systole?

A

Papillary muscles (via chordae tendinae)

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19
Q

What type of anaemia can aortic valve stenosis cause?

A

Microangiopathic haemolytic anaemia

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20
Q

What’s a bounding pulse?

A

When diastolic pressure drops suddenly (strong pulse)

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21
Q

How are SV and EDV linked?

A

proportional to each other

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22
Q

Which ion flows through HCN channels?

A

Na

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23
Q

Which ion is responsible for the depolarisation of SA NODE cells?

A

Ca

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24
Q

What is the name for receptors responsible for Ca induced Ca release?

A

Ryanodine recpetors

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25
Q

Which 2 parts of the primitive heart form the outflow tract?

A

Truncus arteriosus and bulbus cordis
(form the aorta and pulmonary trunk)

26
Q

Why can stasis happen in the LA?

A

Blood can pool in the left auricle

27
Q

Define the 3 holes in atrial seperation?

A

Foramen Ovale - formed by septum secendum

Ostium primum - gap at the bottom of septum primum before it fuses

ostium secondum - hole made at the top of septum primum by apoptosis

28
Q

What is the most common cause of an atrial septal defect?

A

Deformation of septum primum/secondum

29
Q

What features are present in tetralogy of fallot?

A

Pulmonary stenosis
Overriding aorta
Septal defect (ventricular)
Hypertrophy of RV
(POSH)

30
Q

Is tricuspid atresia cyanotic or not?

A

Cyanotic

31
Q

What is classed as severe hypertension?

A

Systolic > 180
Diastolic > 110

32
Q

Which leads look at the Left anterior descending artery?

A

Septal leads (V1 and V2)

33
Q

Which leads look at the anterior aspect of the heart?

A

V3 and V4

34
Q

Which drug would you give in Wolff parkinson white?

A

Amiodarone (increases absolute refractory period)

35
Q

What heart failure is present if the apex is displaced to the left?

A

Left sided heart failure

36
Q

What forms the R, L and Inferior border of the heart?

A

R - RA
L - LV
Inferior - RV

37
Q

Why could the heart shadow become enlarged?

A

Dilated LV
Ventricular hypertrophy
Pericardial effusion

38
Q

Where can the apex beat be felt?

A

Left 5th intercostal sapce at the mid-clavicular line

39
Q

What regions of the heart does the LAD supply?

A

Anterior aspect (LV & RV) and intraventricular septum

40
Q

What are the changes in the arterial wall which lead to arterial occlusion?

A

Plaque forms and then ruptures
Thrombus forms which occludes artery

41
Q

Why is a R coronary artery more likely to cause rhythm disturbance?

A

Supplies the AV node and SA node

42
Q

When is the aorta narrowest and widest?

A

Narrowest - lowest aortic pressure
Widest - highest aortic pressure

43
Q

Which valves are connected by chordae tendineae? What’s the function?

A

Mitral and tricupsid valve

Pull the valve flaps taught during ventricular systole so blood doesn’t flow back into the atria

44
Q

Describe the structures of the pericardial sac?

A

Outer fibrous layer

Double serous layer:
inner visceral layer
outer parietal layer

45
Q

What is a complication of cardiac tamponade and what causes it?

A

A fall in arterial blood pressure due to compression of the heart

Outer fibrous layer cannot expand so this puts extra pressure on the heart providing it from filling properly in diastole

46
Q

What’s the consequence of a R to L shunt?

A

LA/LV overload

47
Q

What 2 things cause the ductus arteriosus to close at birth?

A

Increased oxygen levels - pressure
Reduction in circulating prostaglandins

48
Q

Why does a PDA cause LV failure?

A

LV overload/dilation due to more blood returning to L side of the heart from pulmonary circulation

49
Q

Define VF

A

Abnormal rapid ventricular activity with the loss of co-ordinated contraction

50
Q

How do you measure a patients BP manuallly?

A
  1. Inflate cuff while palpating radial pulse
  2. Inflate to 30 mmHg above where the pulse disappears
  3. Release slowly, listen to stethoscope over brachial artery
    1st Korotkoff sound = systolic BP
    2nd Korotkoff sound = diastolic BP
51
Q

What does hypertension do to the blood vessels?

A

Atheroma development
Weakening of blood vessels

52
Q

Where in the body can hypertension be visualised?

A

Retina

53
Q

What would tall R waves on ECG suggest?

A

LV hypertrophy

54
Q

What would show as a pan-systolic murmur? Which muscle could be effected?

A

Mitral regurgitation
(papillary muscle)

55
Q

What is the difference between pericardial effusion and cardiac tamponade?

A

Tamponade - trauma
Pericardial effusion - Inflammation of pericardium

56
Q

How do you remember the congenital heart defects?

A

CYANOTIC (5 Ts)
Tetralogy of fallot
Transposition of great vessels
Truncus arteriosus
Tricupsid atresia
Total anomalous pulmonary venous drainage

ACYANOTIC
(3 HOLES)
ASD
VSD
PDA

(3 BLOCKED PIPES)
Aortic stenosis
Pulmonary stenosis
Coarctation of aorta

57
Q

What murmur is an aortic stenosis?

A

Ejection systolic murmur

58
Q

What murmur is an aortic stenosis?

A

Ejection systolic murmur

59
Q

What’s the difference between inotropic and chronotropic?

A

Inotropic - affecting contractility
Chronotropic - affecting rate

60
Q

What causes a pan-systolic murmur?

A

mitral or tricuspid valve regurgitation

61
Q

Where do the cardiac veins drain into and what does that then drain into?

A

Into the coronary sinus which then drains into the RA

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