Renal VII: Potassium

Question 1

Acidosis causes _____kalemia.

Answer 1

variable

Question 2

Alkalosis ______ shift of potassium into cells

Answer 2

increases

Question 3

Alkalosis causes _____kalemia.

Answer 3

hypo-

Question 4

Apical potassium channels are sensitive to _____ such that ____ concentrations inhibit potassium secretion.

Answer 4

H+, high

Question 5

Cause of pseudohyperkalemia (3)

Answer 5

Hemolysis of drawn blood, increased WBCs or platelets, tourniquet too tight

Question 6

Causes of hyperkalemia with decreased potassium excretion (5)

Answer 6

Renal failure, K-sparing diuretics, ACEIs/ARBs, mineralocorticoid deficiency, renal tubular acidosis

Question 7

Causes of hyperkalemia with ICF to ECF shift (6)

Answer 7

Acidosis, Beta-blockers, hyperkalemic familial periodic paralysis, digitalis intoxication, hyperosmolarity, alpha-2-adrenergic agonists

Question 8

Causes of hyperkalemia with increased potassium input (4)

Answer 8

Hemolysis, rhabdomyolysis, tumor lysis syndrome, dietary intake

Question 9

Causes of hypokalemia without total body loss of potassium (5)

Answer 9

Alkalosis, Familial hypokalemic periodic paralysis, hypothermia, B-adrenergic stimulation, insulin excess

Question 10

Causes of total body loss of potassium without hypokalemia (2)

Answer 10

Diabetic ketoacidosis, uremia

Question 11

Decreased tubular flow _____ the rate of potassium secretion

Answer 11

decreases

Question 12

Extrarenal causes of hypokalemia with total body loss of potassium (2)

Answer 12

Inadequate intake, GI losses

Question 13

How is potassium moved in the distal tubule?

Answer 13

Secreted; apical potassium channels

Question 14

How is potassium moved in the loop of Henle?

Answer 14

Reabsorbed; Na/K/2Cl cotransporter

Question 15

How is potassium moved in the proximal tubule?

Answer 15

Absorbed; passively and paracellular

Question 16

How to remove potassium from the body (3)

Answer 16

Hemodialysis, kayexalate, diuretics

Question 17

How to shift potassium intracellularly with pharmacologic treatments (3)

Answer 17

Insulin/glucose, Beta-2-agonists, bicarbonate

Question 18

Hypokalemia or Hyperkalemia? Growth retardation

Answer 18

Hypokalemia

Question 19

Hypokalemia or Hyperkalemia? Increased risk of digitalis-induced arrhythmias

Answer 19

Hypokalemia

Question 20

Hypokalemia or Hyperkalemia? Increased thirst

Answer 20

Hypokalemia

Question 21

Hypokalemia or Hyperkalemia? Muscle weakness progressing to paralysis

Answer 21

Both

Question 22

Hypokalemia or Hyperkalemia? Polyuria

Answer 22

Hypokalemia

Question 23

Hypokalemia or Hyperkalemia? Rhabdomyolysis and Ileus of the gut

Answer 23

Hypokalemia

Question 24

Hypokalemia or Hyperkalemia? Suppression of insulin release

Answer 24

Hypokalemia

Question 25

Hypokalemia or Hyperkalemia? U waves on EKG

Answer 25

Hypokalemia

Question 26

Increased ECF potassium causes _____ release of aldosterone

Answer 26

increased

Question 27

Increased tubular flow _______ the rate of potassium secretion

Answer 27

increases

Question 28

Intrarenal causes of hypokalemia with total body loss of potassium (4)

Answer 28

Renal tubular acidosis, excess mineralocorticoids, diuretics, non-reabsorbed anions

Question 29

Mechanisms of increased potassium excretion in context of high ECF potassium (2)

Answer 29

Increased activity of basolateral Na/K ATPase; increased aldosterone release

Question 30

Name the EKG changes seen in hyperkalemia (6)

Answer 30

Peaked T waves, decreased R wave magnitude, QRS widening, PR prolongation, absent P wave, sine QRST

Question 31

Severe acidosis inhibits transporters involved in ______ reabsorption

Answer 31

sodium

Question 32

Severe acidosis results in _______ tubular flow.

Answer 32

increased