Renal II: Sodium Handling, Water Handling, and ARF

Question 1

_____ is required to increase ECF volume

Answer 1

Na ingestion

Question 2

______ cause release of ADH via hypothalamic signaling

Answer 2

Decreased ECF, Increased osmolarity

Question 3

______: buildup of nitrogenous wastes in the blood

Answer 3

azotemia

Question 4

ADH is released from _______

Answer 4

posterior pituitary gland

Question 5

ADH release is a __________ system with an emergency ________.

Answer 5

osmolarity; low-volume override

Question 6

ADH release is mediated by ______ baroreceptors

Answer 6

left atrial

Question 7

ANP blocks _____ at the renal tubles

Answer 7

ADH, Aldosterone

Question 8

ANP decreases release of _____.

Answer 8

ADH, Renin

Question 9

ANP mediates ______ of _____ arterioles in the kidney

Answer 9

dilation; afferent and efferent

Question 10

Cl(x) =

Answer 10

Ux * V / Px

Question 11

Cockcroft and Gault equation =

Answer 11

Clx = A(140-Age)Weight / (72*Scr)

Question 12

Exceptions: conditions under which FeNa is decreased in absence of pre-renal azotemia

Answer 12

Pigment exposure, radiocontrast exposure, non-oliguric ATN

Question 13

FeNa = ____ in post-renal azotemia

Answer 13

> 1%

Question 14

FeNa = ____ in pre-renal azotemia

Question 15

FeNa=

Answer 15

(Una/Pna) / (Ucr/Pcr)

Question 16

Gold standard for calculating GFR because it is not secreted or reabsorbed in the tubules.

Answer 16

Inulin

Question 17

High specific gravity urine is characteristic of ______ azotemia

Answer 17

pre-renal

Question 18

In the Cockcroft and Gault equation, A =

Answer 18

1 for men; 0.85 for women

Question 19

Increase in ECF volume leads to release of _____ from cardiac myocytes

Answer 19

pro-ANP

Question 20

Loss of ECF Na leads to ______ aldosterone

Answer 20

increased

Question 21

Loss of ECF Na leads to ______ angiotensin II

Answer 21

increased

Question 22

Most common cause of abrupt fall in GFR in hospitalized patients

Answer 22

Pre-renal azotemia

Question 23

Some creatinine is ______, so generally it _____estimates GFR

Answer 23

secreted; over-

Question 24

Some urea is ______, so generally it _____estimates GFR

Answer 24

absorbed; under-

Question 25

Ucr/Pcr ratio is _____ in pre-renal azotemia and ____ in post-renal azotemia

Answer 25

> 20;

Question 26

Urine Na concentration in post-renal azotemia

Answer 26

> 40mEq/L

Question 27

Urine Na concentration in pre-renal azotemia

Question 28

What effect on renal arterioles? ACEIs, ARBs

Answer 28

Decrease resistance of efferent arterioles

Question 29

What effect on renal arterioles? Angiotensin II

Answer 29

Increase resistance of efferent arterioles

Question 30

What effect on renal arterioles? NO, prostaglandins, high protein diet

Answer 30

Decrease resistance of afferent arterioles

Question 31

What effect on renal arterioles? NSAIDs, endothelin, adenosine, norepinephrine, thromboxanes

Answer 31

Increase resistance of afferent arterioles

Question 32

What type of azotemia? acute glomerulonephritis, hemolytic uremic syndrome

Answer 32

Intrinsice disease

Question 33

What type of azotemia? acute interstitial nephritis (Allergic Interstitial Nephritis), infection

Answer 33

Intrinsic disease

Question 34

What type of azotemia? Acute tubular necrosis (ATN)

Answer 34

Intrinsic disease

Question 35

What type of azotemia? Benign prostatic hyperplasia

Answer 35

Post-renal

Question 36

What type of azotemia? bladder carcinoma, urinary infections, neuropathy

Answer 36

Post-renal

Question 37

What type of azotemia? CHF, MI, valvular disease, pericardial tamponade

Answer 37

Pre-renal

Question 38

What type of azotemia? cholesterol emboli, renal vein thrombosis

Answer 38

Intrinsic disease

Question 39

What type of azotemia? Cirrhosis, sepsis, medication, autonomic neuropathy

Answer 39

Pre-renal

Question 40

What type of azotemia? renal losses, GI losses, Third space losses, hemorrhage

Answer 40

Pre-renal

Question 41

What type of azotemia? retroperitoneal fibrosis, compression by a tumor

Answer 41

Post-renal