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TV2001 > Renal Physiology - Part 1 > Flashcards

Renal Physiology - Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What organ systems are involved in excretion?

A
  1. respiratory system
  2. digestive system
  3. skin and glands
  4. renal organs
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2
Q

What products are formed from the breakdown of protein and nucleic acids?

A

ATP, CO2, water and ammonia (ammonia, AKA NH3, converted to urea and uric acid)

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3
Q

What is the function of the kidneys?

A
  • rid the body of waste material that is either ingested or produced from metabolism.
  • maintain composition body fluid levels by production of urine
  • production of hormones
  • excretion of pheromones
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4
Q

What are some signs of renal failure?

A

increased serum levels of creatine, blood urea nitrogen, potassium and phosphate

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5
Q

What values in the composition of body fluids are regulated by the kidneys?

A
  • osmolarity
  • ion conc.
  • acid base balance
  • ECF volume
  • arterial pressure
  • eliminates drugs and toxic compounds
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6
Q

How much urine is produced by a cat?

A

10-20 mL/KG body weight/ Day

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7
Q

How much urine is produced by a dog?

A

20-100 mL/KG body weight/ day

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8
Q

How much urine is produced by cattle?

A

17-45mL/KG body weight/ day

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9
Q

How much urine is produced by a horse?

A

3-18mL/KG body weight/ day

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10
Q

What is a nephron?

A

functional unit of the kidney, number of nephrons differ between species

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11
Q

What are the major parts of the nephron?

A

renal corpuscle (glomerulus + bowman’s capsule) and a long tubule

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12
Q

What are the two types of nephrons?

A
  1. Juxtamedullary nephron

2. Cortical nephron

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13
Q

What is a juxtamedullary nephron?

A
  • just above the junction between cortex and medulla
  • long loop of henle
    supplied by vasa recta
  • % varies between species (100% in cats)
    -specialised for the formation of urine
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14
Q

What is a cortical nephron?

A
  • lie just in the outer layer of cortex
  • have short loop of henle
  • % varies between species (100% in beavers)
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15
Q

What is the nerve supply of the kidneys?

A
  • supplied by sympathetic never fibres
  • primarily to afferent and efferent arterioles, proximal and distal tubules, thick ascending limb of loop of henle and also juxtaglomerula cells
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16
Q

What is the effect of sympathetic stimulation on the kidneys?

A

renin secretion, increase Na+ reabsorption and powerful stimulation decreases blood flow to kidney

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17
Q

What organ has the highest blood flow per mass among other major organs?

A

the kidneys

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18
Q

What % of cardiac output at rest is reserved for kidneys?

A

20-25%

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19
Q

Why do the kidneys have a high blood supply?

A

for high rates of glomerular filtration

20
Q

What is the name and function of the high pressure capillary network in the kidneys?

A

glomerulus (favours filtration)

21
Q

What is the name and function of the low pressure capillary network in the kidneys?

A

peritubular capillary network (permits rapid fluid reabsorption)

22
Q

Why is the vascular anatomy of the kidney unique?

A

has two arterioles and two capillary beds in series

23
Q

What is the pressure of blood in the glomerulus?

A

60mmHg

24
Q

What is the pressure of the blood in the peritubular capillary network?

A

20mmHg

25
Q

What are the three key processes of urine formation?

A
  1. glomerular filtration
  2. tubular reabsorption
  3. tubular secretion
26
Q

What is glomerular filtration?

A
  • first step in renal function
  • ultra filtration of plasma across glomerular filtration barrier
  • fenestrated capillaries and high hydrostatic pressure at glomerulus aid filtration of plasma
  • passive process
27
Q

What is the difference between afferent and efferent arterioles?

A

afferent are short and wider to allow for high pressure in the glomerulus

28
Q

What is filtered during glomerular filtration?

A
  • no protein

- all other molecules nd ions at ~ same conc. in plasma.

29
Q

What is a hallmark of glomerular disease?

A

Proteinuria (increased protein in urea)

30
Q

What is glomerular filtration rate? (GFR)

A
  • volume of fluid filtered from the glomerular capillaries into the Bowman’s capsule of both the kidneys per unit of time
  • expressed in terms of body weight
31
Q

How often is blood filtered in a day? What is the benefit of this?

A
  • entire plasma volume filtered about 60x/day.
  • allows kidneys to remove metabolic wastes and also aids in precise regulation of volume and composition of the body fluids
32
Q

What makes up the glomerular filtration barrier?

A
  • endothelium of the capillary (fenestrated, -ve charges)
  • basement membrane or basal lamina (-ve charges, made up of collagen and proteoglycans)
  • epithelial cells of bowman’s capsule (podocytes- foot processes. also -ve charged)
33
Q

What factors does the filterability of a substance through the glomerular membrane depend on?

A
  • size of substance
  • electrical charge of molecules (-ve are repelled)
  • plasma bound substances are not filtered
34
Q

What is the composition of glomerular filtrate?

A
  • identical to plasma, but it protein free (in healthy animals)
  • has same pH and osmolality of plasma
35
Q

How is protein able to enter the urine during disease?

A

negative charges on glomerular filtration membrane are lost, allowing proteins (especially albumin) to pass through

36
Q

What factors effect GFR?

A
  1. area of glomerular capillary bed in both kidneys
  2. permeability of glomerular capillaries
  3. hydrostatic and osmotic pressure gradients across the capillary wall

1x2 = Kf (ultra filtration coefficient)

37
Q

What is the formula to calculate GRF?

A

Kf x net filtration pressure

38
Q

What happens to Kf in diabetes mellitus and chronic hypertension?

A

reduces

39
Q

What factors are included in net filtration pressure

A
  1. hydrostatic pressure inside glomerular capillaries (favours filtration)
  2. Hydrostatic pressure in Bowman’s capsule (opposes filtration)
  3. Colloid osmotic pressure of glomerular capillary (opposes filtration)
  4. Colloid osmotic pressure of bowman’s capsule (favours filtration)
40
Q

Wha is the primary means for physiologic regulation of GFR?

A
  • changes in glomerular hydrostatic pressure
  • afferent and efferent arteriolar diameter is regulated by hormones, local paracrine glands, and stretch and renal sympathetic nerve stimulation.
41
Q

What is the juxtaglomerular apparatus?

A
  • portion of the late thick ascending limb, comes between the afferent and efferent arterioles at the vascular pole of the renal corpuscle from which the tubule arose.
42
Q

What is the juxtaglomerular apparatus made up of?

A
  1. juxtaglomerular cells or granular cells (secrete renin)
  2. Lacis cells (in the junction between afferent and efferent arterioles)
  3. Modified distal tubule cells (located towards the afferent and efferent arterioloes - macula densa - detect changes in the tubular fluids Na+ and Cl-)
43
Q

What is the function of the juxtaglomerular apparatus?

A

involved in feedback mechanisms that assist regulation of RBF and GFR. thereby regulating blood pressure

44
Q

What is the Tubuloglomerular feedback loop?

A
  1. Change in arterial pressure (changes in GFR)
  2. Change in NaCl conc. in tubule fluid
  3. Signal generated by macula densa of JGA
  4. GFR normalised
45
Q

Give an example of the Tubuloglomerular feedback loop

A
  1. GFR decreases, causing decreased Na and Cl reaching the macula densa
  2. renin released by juxtaglomerular cells
  3. increases GFR by afferent arteriole dilation and angiotensis II mediated efferent arteriole constriction.
  • vice versa is also true

TV2001 (21 decks)

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