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TV2001 > Parasitology - Lecture 2 > Flashcards

Parasitology - Lecture 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two types of vectors?

A

mechanical and biological

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2
Q

What is a paratenic/transport host?

A

host where the parasite does not undergo any development, but in which it remains alive and infective another host

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3
Q

What are some examples of ways that a parasite can infect a host?

A

ingestion, burrow into skin, injected into skin/blood, transplacental, through milk, autoinfection

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4
Q

What is the size range for the average nematode?

A

1mm to 1m

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5
Q

describe the body shape of nematodes

A

cylindrical, elongated, tapered at both ends and bilaterally symmetrical

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6
Q

describe the structure of the. body wall of a nematode

A

consists of a cuticle, hypodermis, and body wall musculature

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7
Q

List some cuticular structures

A

ridges, striations, alae, spines, setae, etc.

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8
Q

What are the Orders of Subclass Secernentea

A
  1. Rhabditida 2. Strongylida 3. Ascarida 4. Oxyurida 5. Spirurida
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9
Q

What are the general features of order Rhabditida?

A
  • small, transparent - oesophagus composed of corpus, isthmus and bulb - species make transition from free-living to parasitic
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10
Q

What two families are under Order Rhabditida?

A
  1. Family Rhabditidae 2. Family Strongyloididae
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11
Q

What are the hosts of Rhabditis strongyloides?

A

dogs, ox, sheep

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12
Q

What is the host location of Rhabditis strongyloides?

A

skin

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13
Q

Describe the lifecycle type of Rhabditis strongyloides?

A

normally freeliving, but become parasitic when animals are housed in wet/ soiled bedding

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14
Q

What is the common name of genus Strongyloides (Family Strongyloididae)?

A

thread worms

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15
Q

What family is the genus strongyloides?

A

Family Strongyloididae

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16
Q

What are the hosts of genus strongyloides?

A

sheep, cattle, pigs, dogs, horses, humans, etc.

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17
Q

What is the location in the host of genus strongyloides?

A

small intestine. occasionally in the respiratory, pancreatic or biliary system

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18
Q

What is the host and location of Strongyloides papillosus?

A

ruminants, small intestine

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19
Q

What is the host and location of Strongyloides vituli?

A

cattle, small intestine

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20
Q

What is the host and location of Strongyloides ransomi?

A

pigs, small intestine

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21
Q

What is the host and location of Strongyloides westeri?

A

horses, small intestine

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22
Q

What is the host and location of Strongyloides stercoralis?

A

dogs, cats and humans. small intestine

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23
Q

What is the host and location of Strongyloides felis?

A

cats. small intestine

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24
Q

What is the host and location of Strongyloides fuelleborni?

A

primates, small intestine

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25
Q

What is the host and location of Strongyloides avium?

A

poultry, caeca

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26
Q

Explain the general morphology of parasitic females of the genus Strongyloides.

A

Size: up to 9mm Body shape: filiform Oesophagus: fillariform. long and may occupy 1/3 of body length Feeding: blood

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27
Q

Explain the morphology of the eggs of parasites of the genus Strongyloides.

A

40-60microns long, thin shelled, embryonated when laid

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28
Q

What genus does this egg belong to?

A

Strongyloides

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29
Q

Describe the first stage larva (L1) of the genus Strongyloides

A

Size: 220-250microns

Oesophagus: Rhabditiform, long (extends over 1/3 of body length)

Other: no granules in intestine, tail is short and pointed

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30
Q

Describe the thrid stage larva (L3) of genus Strongyloides

A

Size: 400-700microns

Oesophagus: fillariform, extends over 40-50% of body length

other: tail is notched (tripartite)

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31
Q

Describe the lifecycle of parasites of the genus Strongyloides.

A
  • parasitic females live in SI and lay embryonated eggs
  • eggs/ larvae passed in faeces and hatch in environment
  • larvae then develop through direct or indirect lifecycles.
  • L3 infect host through skin or orally.
  • after skin penetration, larvae may migrate (lungs, trachea, phrynx, then swallowed and mature in SI) or they may reach other tissue (muscle, fat, mammaries, etc. and arrest (can then reactivate and migrate to SI or pass through milk)
  • after oral infection, L3 mature in gut without migrating
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32
Q

What factors might influence the development of larvae?

A

condition of the host: disease, imunity, etc.

environmental factors: pH, temp, hummidity, food availability

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33
Q

What conditions promote heterogonic development?

A

adverse conditions within the host and good conditions outside

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34
Q

What conditions promote homogonic development?

A

good coniditions in the host, bad conditions outside

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35
Q

How are hosts infected with the genus Strongyloides?

A
  • L3 from environment; orally or through skin
  • L3 from milk
  • autoinfection
  • maybe trnsplacentally
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36
Q

What superfamilies are included in Order Strongylida?

A
  • Trichostrongyloidea
  • Strongyloidea
  • Ancylostomatoidea
  • Metastrongyloidea
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37
Q

What are the general features of parasites within Order Strongylida?

A

Common name: ‘strongyles’ or “bursate nematodes’

anterior end: corona radiata or 3-6 lips

posterior end (Male): copulatory bursa

Eggs: thin shelles, contain many cells (morula stage)

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38
Q

What is a Bursa?

A

bell shaped structure with 3 lobes (2 lateral, 1 dorsal) supported by rays or papillae

39
Q

What Bursa features are important for ID of a species?

A
  • shape of bursa
  • development of the lobes
  • arrangment of the rays
40
Q

What are the general features of superfamily Trichostrongyloidea?

A
  • slender worms, small mouth
  • lips absent, or 3-6 lips
  • bursa well developed
  • direct lifecycle
  • most species in GIT (except Dictyocaulus)
  • most important worms of ruminants
41
Q

What are the genuses within the superfamily Trichostrongyloidea?

A
  • Trichostrongylus
  • Haemonchus
  • Ostertgia
  • Teladorsagia
  • Cooperia
  • Hyostrongylus
42
Q

Name the hosts and the location in the host of Trichostrongylus axei

A

ruminants, horses ad pigs. abomasum and stomach

43
Q

Name the hosts and the location in the host of Trichostrongylus colubriformis

A

sheep and goats, duodenum

44
Q

Name the hosts and the location in the host of Haemonchus contortus

A

sheep ad goats. abomasum

45
Q

Name the hosts and the location in the host of Haemonchus placei

A

cattle. abomasum

46
Q

Name the hosts and the location in the host of Ostertagia ostertagi

A

cattle. abomasum

47
Q

Name the hosts and the location in the host of Teladorsagia circumcincta

A

sheep and goats. Abomasum

48
Q

Name the hosts and the location in the host of Cooperia curticei

A

ruminants. SI

49
Q

Name the hosts and the location in the host of Cooperia punctata

A

ruminants. SI

50
Q
A
51
Q

What parasite family are an important cause of production loss in ruminants worldwide?

A

trichostrongyle parasites

52
Q

Explain the general lifecyle of the superfamily trichostrongyloidea?

A
  • females lay eggs, passed in poop
  • larvae develop in poop
  • L1 hatch and feed on bacteria and detritus
  • 2 moults to L3 (L3 retain cuticle)
  • L3 moves onto grassto be ingested (depends on temp, humidity and light)
  • L3 exsheath after ingestion and arrive at infection site and attach to mucosa
  • molt to L4 after 1-4 days, then adults
  • PPT = 3-4 weeks
53
Q

How can temperature and moisture affect the development of larvae?

A
  • speed of development
  • resistance of larvae on pasture
  • success rate, etc
54
Q

In order, list the most susceptible to temp, from least able to handle cold, to most.

A
  1. unembryonated egg
  2. L2
  3. L1
  4. embryonated eggs
  5. L3
55
Q

What factors are involved in the induction of hypobiosis?

A
  • environmental conditions
  • host immune response
  • size of population of worms in the host
  • genetoc factors
56
Q

What is the significance of hypobiosis?

A
  • non-pathogenic
  • not affected by the host immune response
  • less susceptible to treatment
57
Q

When may parsites resume development after a period of hypobiosis?

A
  • when enviro conditions are favourable
  • when adult population has been removed by treatment
  • in ewes, during parturition and lactation
58
Q

What is the evolutionary benefit of hypobiosis?

A
  1. protection of larvae against hostile host environment
  2. mintenace of an adult nematode population by replacing from a pool of inhibited larvae
59
Q

what are some common names for worms within the genus Trichostongylus?

A

hair worms, bankrupt worms, black scour worms

60
Q

describe the morphology of worms within the genus Trichostrongylus

A

Size: <8mm

  • no buccal cavity or cervical papillae
  • Excretory pore in conspicuous ventral notch
  • Male bursa has long lateral lobes and dorsal lobe not well defined
  • spicules are short, brown, stout, ridgid

Eggs: 80-120microns, thin shelled with many cells inside (strongyle type), uneven poles (one more rounded than the other)

61
Q

What species are within the genus Trichostrongylus?

A
  • T. axei
  • T. colubriformis
  • T. vitrinus
  • T. rugatus
62
Q

Descibe the lifecycle of parsites from the genus Trichostrongylus (the differences from the general lifecycle)

A

eggs/ day: 100-200

optimal temp: 25C

PPT: 15-21 days

63
Q

What is a common name for worms that fall under the genus haemonchus?

A

barber’s pole

64
Q

What species are under the genus Haemonchus?

A

H. contortus

H. placei

65
Q

Descibe the morphology of Haemonchus contortus

A

Size: M up to 22mm, F up to 34mm (longest trichostrongyloid in ruminants)

  • Females look like barber’s pole (blood in GIT wrapped around uterus)

Anterior end: pointed, small mouth with a tooth, cervicle papillae prominent and spin like

Posterior end (M): large lateral lobes and a small asymmetrical dorsal lobe. dorsal lobe is ‘Y’ shaped. spicules are barbed and end with a button

Posterior end (F): vulva on posterior part of body, often covered with a tongue shaped flap. tip of posterior end is slender and pointed

Eggs: 65-90microns, long, thin shelled, many cells inside (strongyle type), rounded, equal poles

66
Q

Describe the lifecycle of H. contortus (explain the differences from the general lifecycle of parasites)

A

eggs/ day: 5k-10k

optimal temp: 25-35C

temp range: 10-35C

larvae have low resistance to dehydration and low temp

PPT: 17-21 days

67
Q

Describe the general morphology of parsites from the genus Ostertgia/ teladorsagia

A

Size: 5-12mm

colour: reddish brown, threadlike worms

Anterior end: cuticle may be slightly inflated and transversally striated. small mouth, cervical papille present but small

posterior end (F): vulva may be covered by a flap

posterior end (M): 2 lateral lobes and a smaller dorsal one (has 2 main braches which each gives off 1 or 2 more branches. features of spicules are used to ID, are relatively short and divided distally into 2 or 3 processes)

Eggs: 75-105microns, thin shelled, many cells inside, poles symmetrical and relatively narrow

68
Q

What species are within the genus Ostertgia/ Teldorsagia?

A
  • O. ostertagi
  • T. circumcincta
  • T. trifurcata
69
Q

What are species from the genus Ostertgia known for?

A

their ability to arrest as ‘early L4’

70
Q

describe the lifecycle of worms within the genus Ostertagia/ Teldorsagia (differences from the general lifecycle of Trichostrongyloides)

A

eggs/day: 100-200

optimal temp: 16-25C

temp range: 5-35C

  • reaches L3 in 1-2 weeks (depending on temp)
  • ingested L3 enters glands in the abomasum where they elicit nodules and swellings. L4 then either emerge into lumen and continue development, or arrest.

PPT: 21 days

71
Q

Explain Type 1 Ostertagiosis

A
  • due to direct development of large numbers of adultsover a reltively short period of time
  • seen in animals on pasture, 3-4 weeks after the availabilty o lrge numbers of L3
72
Q

Explain Type 2 Ostertagiosis

A
  • due to synchronous maturation nd emergence of large numbers of hypobiotic larvae from the mucosa
  • may occurr when larvae intake is low
  • nodules in intestine
73
Q

Describe the morphology of genus Cooperia

A

small worms, reddish when fresh

size: 6-12mm long
- curled like a comma in C. curticei
- M look like tiny pieces of thread in other species
- Anterior end: cuticle forms small cephlic sweling/vesicle that is transversally striated and divided into a wide and narrow region
- cuticle of remainder of body has 14-16 longitudinal ridges that are transversally striated
- Posterior end (M): bursa is large. dorsal ray is divided into two branches which may be parallel or curved. spicules are short, brown and end in a point, usually hve a ridgid winglike expansion in the middle
- Posterior end (F): vulva behind middle of body, may have flap. long tapered tail
- Eggs: 60-95microns, thin shelled, many cells inside. poles equal and narrow. lateral marg

74
Q

Explain the lifecycle of Species Cooperia

A

similar to other Trichostrongyloidea species.

PPT = 2 weeks

75
Q

What is a common name for the Genus Nematodirus?

A

threadneck worms

76
Q

What is the host and loction in the host of genus nematodirus?

A

small intestine of ruminants

77
Q

describe the general morphology of the genus Nematodirus

A

size: 8-22mm
- filiform anterior part (anterior is thinner than posterior)
- cuticle of anterior end is inflaed and forms a cephlic vesicle that is striated
- posterior end (M): bursa has elongated lateral lobes and dorsal lobe is split into 2, each half attached to a lateral lobe. spicules long and slender, united by a membrane either throughout or only at their tips
- posterior end (F): short tail with terminal apendage (looks like stick from olive or apple)
- eggs: large, 160-260microns. big blastomeres (reduced number, 4-8), space between them and the shell

78
Q

What species does Nematodirus battus infect?

A

sheep

79
Q

What species does Nematodirus spatiger infect?

A

ruminants

80
Q

What species does Nematodirus filicollis infect?

A

ruminants`

81
Q

What species doe Nematododirus helvetianus infect?

A

cattle and sheep

82
Q

describe the lifecycle of the genus Nematodirus

A
  • develop to L3 inside the egg
  • N. battus requires period of prolonged chill followed by temp increase to hatch egg. causes simultneous appearance of large numbers on pasture
  • host ingests larvae with pasture
  • eggs can survive on psture
  • PPT = 2 weeks
83
Q

where does genus Dictyocaulus locate in the host?

A

bronchi and trachea

84
Q

explain the morphology of Dictyocaulus filaria

A

filiform, whitish

M= 25-80mm

F= up to 112mm

  • mouth surrounded by 4 small lips
  • posterior end (M): bursa is short, spicules are brown and bent, foot shaped
    eggs: 112-135 x 52-67microns, elipsoidal and embryonated when laid
85
Q

Describe the morpholgy of Dictyocaulus viviparous

A

M: 17-50mm

F: 23-80mm

bursa is small, spicules brown

Eggs: 82-88microns, embryonated when laid

86
Q

Describe the lifecycle of genus Dictyocaulus

A
  • embryonated eggs laid. L1 pass in feces
  • L2 and L3 develop in environment within a week at 25C. freeliving larvae do not feed
  • L3 ingested with forage. exsheath in abomasum and penetrate intestine. migrate to mesenteric lymph nodes. molt after one week via thoracic duct and reach heart via cranial vena cava, then lungs. move to bronchi via alveoli
  • mature in bronchi
  • PPT = 3-4 weeks
87
Q

What special method of dispersion in the environment do D. viviparous have?

A

they are very inctive, so stay in feces until washed out by rain. can disperse via the capsule (sporangium) of the fungus Pilobolus

88
Q

What species of the superfamily Trichosrongyloidea infect horses ?

A

stomach: Trichostrongylus axei

Lungs: Dictyocaulus arnfieldi

89
Q

What species of the superfamily Trichostrongyloidea infects pigs?

A
  • Hyostrongylus rubidus
  • Ollulanus tricuspis
  • Trichostrongylus axei
90
Q

describe the morphology and lifecycle of Hyostrongylus rubidus

A
  • reddish when fresh
  • up to 10mm long
  • small cephalic vesicle
  • bursa with small dorsal lobe and well developed lateral lobes
  • eggs: 85x45microns, ovoid, thin shelled,morula
  • Lifecycle: direct, ingestion of L3
91
Q

What species of the superfamily Trichostrongyloidea infect birds?

A

Amidostomum anseri

92
Q

Describe the location in host, lifecycle and morphology of Amidostomum anseris

A

location: gizzard, under horny layer
lifecycle: direct, L3 infect via ingestion
- slender, reddish worms, short and wide buccal capsule with 3 sharp teeth

93
Q
A

TV2001 (21 decks)

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