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Clinical Pathology > Renal Phys & UA > Flashcards

Renal Phys & UA Flashcards

1
Q

what is the functional unit of the kidney

A

nephrons

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2
Q

what are the primary functions of the kidney

A

control water/electrolyte levels
maintain hydrogen ions for blood pH
conserve nutrients
eliminate metabolic waste and end products to nitrogen metabolism
produce renin, EPO, prostaglandins, and Vitamin D activation

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3
Q

what is renal threshold

A

plasma level at which a substance first appears in urine

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4
Q

why do females have a higher UTI risk

A

shorter and fairly straight

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5
Q

oliguria definition

A

decreased urine production

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6
Q

polyuria definition

A

increased urine production

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7
Q

anuria definition

A

no urine production

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8
Q

4 main components to a urinalysis

A
  1. gross visual exam
  2. urine concentration
  3. biochemical evaluation
  4. sediment analysis
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9
Q

what is included in a visual assessment of urine

A

volume, color, turbidity, and odor

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10
Q

what test measures renal concentrating ability

A

urine specific gravity

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11
Q

isothenuria definition

A

SPG 1.008-1.012
urine neither concentrated or diluted

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12
Q

hyposthenuria definition

A

SPG < 1.008
dilute urine

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13
Q

hypersthenuria definition

A

SPG > 1.030
concentrated urine

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14
Q

will animals in renal failure be able to concentrate urine

A

no

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15
Q

will animals in renal failure be able to dilute urine

A

yes

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16
Q

what can influence urinary pH

A

diets, UTI, drugs, retention, fever, exercise

17
Q

is finding protein in dilute urine more or less clinically significant than finding protein in concentrated urine

A

more significant

18
Q

pathological causes of proteinuria

A

UTI, PLN, multiple myeloma, inflammation/fever

19
Q

conditions that might cause ketones to be present in urine

A

starvation, insulin deficiency/resistance

20
Q

conditions that might cause glucose to be present in urine

A

diabetes, fear/stress, drugs

21
Q

is finding bilirubin in urine of dogs and bovine always pathogenic

A

no

22
Q

hematuria definition

A

intact RBCs in urine
pellet out with centrifugation

23
Q

myoglobinuria definition

A

presence of myoglobin in urine due to muscle cell damage
remains red post centrifugation

24
Q

hemoglobinuria definition

A

free hemoglobin in urine
supernatant remains red post centrifugation

25
Q

what might be seen in urine sediment

A

cells, crystals, and casts

26
Q

does normal healthy urine typically have a high sediment content

A

no

27
Q

which species do normally have a high sediment content in urine

A

horses and rabbits

28
Q

which types of cells may be seen on urine sediment

A

RBCs, WBCs, epithelial cells

29
Q

where are casts formed

A

the lumen of the distal collecting tubules

30
Q

what does a high number of casts tell us about kidneys

A

renal tubule lesion

Clinical Pathology (17 decks)

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