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Clinical Pathology > Renal Biochemistry > Flashcards

Renal Biochemistry Flashcards

1
Q

tests for renal function

A

urinalysis
UPC
GFR
BUN
creatinine
BUN/creatinine ratio
SDMA
electrolytes

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2
Q

UPC definition

A

urine protein creatinine ratio

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3
Q

GFR definition

A

glomerular filtration rate

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4
Q

BUN definition

A

blood urea nitrogen

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5
Q

what is GFR

A

flow rate of filtered fluid through the kidney

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6
Q

why is it hard to directly measure GFR in animals

A

no standardized body surface area in animals

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7
Q

what is urea

A

the principal end product of amino acid breakdown in mammals

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8
Q

what is BUN

A

normally, all blood urea passes into the filtrate and approx 1/2 is reabsorbed

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9
Q

why can measuring BUN give us insight into renal function

A

it can show us how well the kidneys are filtering blood

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10
Q

in which types of animals is BUN less helpful

A

ruminants due to use of urea in digestive process

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11
Q

causes for decreased BUN

A

starvation, over hydration, glucosuria

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12
Q

causes for increased BUN

A

increased formation
decreased delivery to kidneys
impaired elimination
artifact

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13
Q

what can a normal BUN indicate

A

healthy animal, subclinical renal disease, renal failure in ruminants and horses

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14
Q

can a BUN within normal limits occur in an animal with kidney disease

A

yes, ruminant GI microbial utilization of BUN

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15
Q

what is creatinine

A

formed from creatine
in skeletal muscle, diffuses into blood

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16
Q

is creatinine a sensitive indicator of kidney function

A

no, nearly 75% os kidney tissue would need to be nonfunctional before levels rise

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17
Q

can we use creatinine to evaluate renal function in birds

A

no

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18
Q

causes for increased creatinine

A

severe muscle exertion/damage or dehydration

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19
Q

causes for decreased creatinine

A

decreased muscle mass

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20
Q

what can changes in BUN/creatinine ratio indicate

A

diet, GI hemorrhage, pre-renal azotemia

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21
Q

is SDMA a sensitive marker for GFR

A

yes

22
Q

why is SDMA more sensitive than creatinine

A

increases sooner when there is kidney damage

23
Q

what are some common electrolyte alterations with renal disease

A

hyperphosphatemia
hyperkalemia/hypokalemia
hypochloremia
hypocalcemia/hypercalcemia

24
Q

hyperphosphatemia

A

increase in phosphorus

25
Q

hyperkalemia

A

increased potassium

26
Q

hypokalemia

A

decreased potassium

27
Q

hypocloremia

A

decrease in chloride

28
Q

hypocalcemia

A

decrease in calcium

29
Q

hypercalcemia

A

increase in calcium

30
Q

which electrolyte/mineral alterations are commonly seen with acute renal failure

A

hyperkalemia and hyperphosphatemia

31
Q

which electrolyte/mineral alterations are commonly seen with chronic renal failure

A

hypokalemia, hypocalcemia, hypercalcemia

32
Q

renal insufficiency definition

A

reduction in renal function without clinically detectable retention of BUN/creatinine in blood

33
Q

what percentage of nephrons are lost in renal insufficiency

A

66%

34
Q

renal failure definition

A

reduction in renal function with BUN/creatinine in blood

35
Q

what percentage of nephrons are lost in renal failure

A

over 75%

36
Q

3 categories of azotemia

A

pre-renal
renal
post-renal

37
Q

pre-renal azotemia causes

A

decreased cardiac output, dehydration, increased protein catabolism, high protein diets, GI bleeds

38
Q

renal azotemia causes

A

renal failure

39
Q

post-renal azotemia causes

A

urinary tract obstruction
urinary tract rupture

40
Q

what other test values can help determine which type of azotemia is occurring

A

GFR and urine specific gravity

41
Q

what is uremia

A

clinical manifestations associated with renal failure

42
Q

are all animals who are azotemic also uremic

A

no

43
Q

are all animals who are uremic also azotemic

A

yes

44
Q

onset of ARF vs CRF

A

ARF - rapid (days/hours)
CRF - slow (months/years)

45
Q

etiologies of ARF vs CRF

A

ARF - infection, neoplasia, toxins
CRF - familial, idiopathic

46
Q

prognosis of ARF vs CRF

A

ARF - immediately life-threatening, potentially reversible
CRF - progressive, irreversible

47
Q

kidney size ARF vs CRF

A

ARF - enlarged and painful
CRF - shrunken and irregular

48
Q

urine volume ARF vs CRF

A

ARF - oliguric, anuric, and polyuric
CRF - polyuric

49
Q

urine sediment ARF vs CRF

A

ARF - active (inflammatory, RBC, bacteria, casts)
CRF - inactive (maybe casts)

50
Q

BUN/creatinine ARF vs CRF

A

ARF - increased
CRF - increased

51
Q

potassium ARF vs CRF

A

ARF - normo to hyperkalemic
CRF - normo to hypokalemic

52
Q

PCV ARF vs CRF

A

ARF - normal to increased
CRF - decreased

Clinical Pathology (17 decks)

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