Leukocytes and Leukograms

Question 1

neutrophils

Answer 1

most abundant WBC in mammals
3 - 5 nuclear lobes
phagocytosis
increase indicates infection/inflammation

Question 2

heterophils

Answer 2

neutrophils for birds, reptiles, and some fish

Question 3

lymphocytes

Answer 3

variety of sizes
most abundant WBC in ruminants
small in dogs and cats
production of antibodies/antigens
increase indicates viral infection

Question 4

monocytes

Answer 4

largest WBC
variably shaped nuclei w/ diffuse chromatin
phagocytosis
increase indicates chronic infection

Question 5

eosinophils

Answer 5

nucleus similar to neutrophils
size and shape varies
immune modulation, sometimes phagocytosis
increase indicates allergies and parasitic infections

Question 6

basophils

Answer 6

nuclei similar to monocytes
few in dogs, more in horses/cattle
mediation of the immune system
increase indicates
inflammation or infectious conditions

Question 7

components of leukogram

Answer 7

WBC enumeration
evaluation of WBC morphology

Question 8

WBC enumeration

Answer 8

total WBC count
relative WBC count
absolute WBC count

Question 9

evaluation of WBC morphology

Answer 9

presence/absence of immature cell lines
reactive/toxic changes to matuer WBCs
clues for underlying pathogenesis

Question 10

total WBC count

Answer 10

automated analyzers
manual total WBC

Question 11

relative WBC count

Answer 11

percentage
calculates absolute count

Question 12

absolute WBC count

Answer 12

number
actual number of each cell type

Question 13

penia

Answer 13

decrease

Question 14

cytosis

Answer 14

increase
monocytes and lymphocytes

Question 15

philia

Answer 15

increase
basophils, neutrophils, eosinophils

Question 16

left-shift

Answer 16

indicates more immature cells
indicator of inflammation
regenerative vs degenerative

Question 17

toxic change

Answer 17

defects in maturation
increased cytoplasmic basophilia
foamy cytoplasm
less condensed chromatin
larger mature cells

Question 18

regenerative left-shift

Answer 18

neutrophilic with increased band neutrophils
appropriate for inflammation

Question 19

degenerative left-shift

Answer 19

more immature than mature neutrophils
normal count or neutropenia
usually due to bacterial sepsis

Question 20

four etiologies for leukocytosis

Answer 20

inflammation
stress
physiologic
neoplasia

Question 21

inflammation types

Answer 21

acute
chronic
acute overwhelming

Question 22

acute inflammation

Answer 22

neutrophilia and left-shift
type of inflammation, not duration

Question 23

chronic inflammation

Answer 23

neutrophilia (2x), possible left-shift
can see associated monocytosis, lymphocytosis, eosinophilia, or basophilia

Question 24

acute overwhelming inflammation

Answer 24

normal to decreased neutrophils
left-shift
moderate to severe toxic change
maybe concurrent lymphopenia
rapid depletion of mature and immature cells

Question 25

stress (glucocorticoid release)

Answer 25

due to increased corticosteroids
mature neutrophilia, lymphopenia, eosinophilia, monocytosis (in dogs)
endogenous stress
hyperadrenocortism
exogenous corticosteroid admin

Question 26

physiologic (catecholamine release)

Answer 26

epinephrine/norepinephrine
fight or flight
mature neutrophilia (no left-shift), lymphocytosis
short lived

Question 27

neoplasia (leukemia)

Answer 27

presence of neoplastic cells in circulation/bone marrow

Question 28

classification of neoplasia

Answer 28

stage of maturation
cell lineage

Question 29

most common types of neoplasia

Answer 29

chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)
acute myeloid leukemia (AML)

Question 30

less common/rare types of neoplasia

Answer 30

acute lymphoid leukemia (ALL)
chronic myeloid leukemia (CML)

Question 31

leukemic phase of lymphoma

Answer 31

leukemia secondary to lymphoma

Question 32

acute leukemia

Answer 32

immature cells in blood or excess in bone marrow

Question 33

chronic leukemia

Answer 33

neoplastic proliferation of differentiated/mature blood cell type

Question 34

leukopenia causes

Answer 34

inflammation
neoplasia
cyclical neutropenia
toxicity/suppression