Renal Path SA

Question 1

Imapacts of Renal Failure (RF)

Answer 1

Can be acute or chronic

• over-reaction of RAAS
• Systemic hypertension risk factor for atheroslcerosis
• ^ blood vol -> ^ hydrostatic pressue -> oedema & systemic hypertension
• leads to osteodystrophy
• decreases EPO leads -> anaemia -> lethargy & increases HR
• cardiac arrhythymia
• ^ waste build up

Question 2

Over-reaction of RAAS

Answer 2

Angiotensis II -> vasoconstriction -> increase vascular resistance
Aldosterone -> retention of Na+ & H20 -> increases blood vol. -> systemic hypertension.

Question 3

How Renal failure leads to Osteodystrophy

Answer 3

renal failure -> lack of activating vitamin D -> no absorption of dietary calicum. Serum level of calcium decreases & PTH levels are sustained at an allevated rate. kidney no longer resopnds to PTH so they dont get rid of phosphate, activate vitamin D, or absorb ditary calcium from filtrate. phosphate builds up in blood, calcium is urinated out or binds to high levels of circulating phosphate resulting in soft tissue calcification. osteoclasts still breakdown bone & deposit calcium & phosphate in blood. underminerlisation of bone & soft tissue calcification = renal osteodystrophy.

Question 4

Aldosterone increases blood volume that…

Answer 4

increases hydrostatic pressure -> oedema which can reduce colloidal pressue

Question 5

…increases blood volume results in systemic hypertension…

Answer 5

…systemic hypertension is a risk factor for atheroslcerosis (chronic inflammation in wall of artery). which can cause LV atrophy, ischemic heart disease, heart failure, cerebral vascular diseaase