Endocrine Disease Pathology Flashcards
what is a functional tumour? what implications does this have?
a tumour that is still producing its hormone.
e.g. beta cell producing excessive amounts of insulin.
common causes of hyperthyroidism
Autoimmune disease. immune system is produing an antibody that mimics the thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH). it is not suceptible to neg feedback.
Symptoms of hyperthyroidism
increased metabolic rate, loss of weight (fat&muscle), generate heat. anxious, buldging eyes
Excess Growth Hormonm (GH) pre puberty
When growth plates are still active and able to respond to the growth hormone then we get gigantism – uniform growth
Excess Growth Hormone (GH) after puberty
we’re not going to get any taller. it results in acromedgaly -> growth in the skull, hands, feet, & thickening of connective tissue
What is the result os Growth Hormone (GH) deficiency in embryogenesis
dwarfism
What is Cushing’s disease
major metabolic dysfucnction where we breakdown muscle and fat in our limbs and fat gets stored in our trunk & face
How is Cushing’s disease caused?
It may be caused by a cortisol or ACTH secreting tumour, chronic stress or inappropriate /or excessive use of corticosteroids/glucocorticoids
what conditions can be treated with glucocorticoids?
chronic inflamatory diseases that have an immune component including asthma, excema, rhuematois arthritis, crohns and ulcerative colitis
why do only some of the secondary depositis of melanoma in the liver have pigmentation?
The pigment is melanin, the well-differentiated secondaries still produce melanin while the poorly differentiated ones do not.
What is Grave’s Disease?
Hyperthyroidism caused by an immune disorder in which B cells produce antibodies that mimic TSH.
common symptoms of Grave’s Disease?
- increased metabolic rate
- heat intolerance
- weight loss
- anxiety & agitation
- fine tremor
- proptosis (buldging eyes)
Affects of well-differentiated Pituitary Adenoma tumour:
- likley to secrete hormone usually produced in excess & insensitive to usual regulations
- as tumour grows it can cause atrophy to normal pituitary gland leading to hormonal deficiency of the other hormones secreted by gland
Affects of poorly-differentiated Pituitary Adenoma tumour:
- less likley to secrete hormones but can still cause atrophy of surrounding tissue so may see deficiency of all hormones usually produced.
List pathologies frequently observed in diabetic patients:
atherosclerosis & arteriosclerosis which predisposes to ischaemic heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, peripheral vascular disease, neuropathy, retinopathy, glaucoma, cataracts, & infections
