DEFINITIONS Flashcards
Apoptosis
Programmed cell suicide
Necrosis
Uncontrolled cell death
Embryo-genesis
the development of an embryo
Ischemia
lack of blood supply
Hypoxia
lack of oxygen
Hyopaemia
lack of oxygen in he blood
Autophagy
decreased cell size by eating itself, can recover as cells can get big again (including permanent cells)
Hypertrophy
Increased cell size contributing to enlargement of overall tissue/organ. can be reversible
Hyperplasia
abnormally increased rate of cell division or failure of apoptosis, results in tissue/organ getting bigger. is reversible. Permanent cells cannot undergo hyperplasia.
Metaplasia
The active change from one normal, well-differentiated cell type to a different normal well-differentiated cell type typically in response to a change in the cellular environment or the application of stress. Metaplasia is reversible if the environment changes or the stress is removed. Increases the risk of mutation and cancer
Dysplasia
the presence of abnormal cells in a tissue/organ
Labile Cells
continuously dividing
- some epithelial
- haemopoietic stem cells
Stable Cells
Quiescent
- some epithelial
- smooth muscle, fibroblasts, endothelial cells
Permanent Cells
non-dividing
- cardiac & skeletal myocytes
- CNS neurons
Neoplasia
the uncontrolled, new abnormal growth of cells or tissues in the body
Tumour
Abnormal growth
Malignancy
potentially life threatening
Benign
Won’t kill us unless its in the brain
Carcinoma-in-situ
epithelial malignancy that is yet to break through the basement membrane. before it has metastasised
metastasis/metastasize
infiltrate, invade, destroy surrounding tissue. Cancer cells moving to another site. A sub-population of the cells is able to break away and travel and set up secondary sites in other locations
Benign
friendly/non-threatening
Malignant
Potentially life threatening
Hyperaemia
active build up of blood
Oedema
swelling caused by excess fluid trapped in body’s tissues.
Oedema - Exudate
Inflammatory extra vascular fluid with high protein concentration
Oedema - Transudate
Extra-vascular fluid with low protein concentration
Resolution
Healing without scarring, restoration or normal architecture & function
Organization
Healing with scarring, replacement with scar tissue. Possible following acute inflammation, inevitable following chronic
Abscess
localized area of trapped pus
Congestion
Passive build up of blood within a vessel which increases hydro-static pressure
Effusion
Increased fluid in a body cavity
Thrombus
Blood clot attached to the wall of a vessel or heart chamber
Embolus
Anything undissolved traveling in the blood
Aneurysm
Localized abnormal ballooning out or dilation of part of a vessel/ventricle wall
Atheroma
Sclerotic plaque which represents an ares of chronic inflammation within the wall of an artery
Undifferentiated
no longer expressing proteins that tell us what the original cell type is
Well/Highly Differentiated
expressing proteins that tells us what cell it is
Cytology
study of cells
Histology
study of tissues
Chronic
long duration
acute
sudden onset or sudden severe
reperfusion
restoration of blood following a period of ischaemia
aerobic
with oxygen
Anaerobic
withoutu oxygem
Active
requires energy (ATP)
Passive
does not require energy (ATP)
Physiology Processes
the ways in which organ systems, organs, tissues, cells, and biomolecules work together to accomplish the complex goal of sustaining life
Pathological Processes
an organic process occurring as a consequence of disease
Senescence
aging cells
Proliferation
An increase in the number of cells as a result of cell growth and cell division.
