GIT Pathology

Question 1

what is required for absorption of nutrients?

Answer 1

large SA of SI.

pancreatic & brush border enzymes of SI. & bile for fats.

Question 2

Risk factors for the development of gall stones

Answer 2

Five F’s: Female, Fat, 40’s, fair, fertile (not the only risk factors -> also rapid weightloss)

Question 3

Possible consequences of gall stones

Answer 3

• one stone predisposes to more
• repeated acute becomes chronic
• if we get chronic inflammation of the gallbladder it increases risk of cancer.
• obstructiion of bile flow can cause cirrhosis if untreated -> malabsorption -> pancreatitis & if chronic -> pancreatic cancer

Question 4

Is the gastrointestinal site considered to be a sterile site?

Answer 4

no, it is populated with a variety of organisms that are essential for the maintenance of health

Question 5

What substances are produced by the exocrine pancreas?

Answer 5

digestive enzymes (protease, lipase, amylase, ribonuclease, gelatinase, elastase etc.)
- bicabonate HCO3-

Question 6

why is the liver a common site of secondary cancer?

Answer 6

rich arterial and VENOUS blood supply. rich lympathic supplu and it is a large viceral organ

Question 7

Main risks for development of gastric ulcers & gastritis?

Answer 7

infection with H. pylori, alcohol, smoking, chronic use of NSAIDs (Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs)

Question 8

Possible complication associated with gastric ulcers?

Answer 8

• Cancer
• chronic blod loss -> anaemia
• acute massive blood loss
• scarring/obstruction
• perforation & pain

Question 9

What is diverticulum?

Answer 9

bilnd-ended sack or out-pouch

Question 10

What diverticulum are most people born with

Answer 10

appendix

Question 11

Some people have an additional congenital diverticulum, what is it called

Answer 11

Meckel’s diverticulum

Question 12

What is Diverticulosis

Answer 12

a diverticulum forming in weak spots in colon

Question 13

How can a low fibre diet cause diverticulosis?

Answer 13

when stool lacks bulk, the mucle layers within the walls of the colon have to contract with more force to push out stool. in response the muscle layer hypertrophies and the overlying tissues can be pushed between the muscle fibres forming pouches.

Question 14

Possible complications of chronic inflammatory bowel disease

Answer 14

• cancer
• scarring which leads to adhesions, fistula formation & obstruction
• chronic blood loss leading to anaemia
• malasorption
• pain

Question 15

where is bile synthesised & stored?

Answer 15

synthesised in liver, stored in gallbladder & makes it moreconcentrated.

Question 16

Main functions of Bile?

Answer 16

• helps remove substances from the body

- emulsifies fat increasing breakdown for adsorption of fat & fat-soluble vitamin

Question 17

What is gallstones?

Answer 17

a small, hard crystalline mass formed abnormally in the gall bladder or bile ducts from bile pigments, cholesterol, and calcium salts

Question 18

Where is arterial blood dervied from?

Answer 18

Hepatic aretery from teh celiac branch off the aorta

Question 19

Where is the venous blood dervied from?

Answer 19

portal system from the spleen, pancreas, digestive system

Question 20

where does blood travel after it leaves the liver lobule?

Answer 20

the central veins coalesce to form the hepatic vein which is a major signaory to the inferior vena cava

Question 21

What is Cirrhosis?

Answer 21

Chronic inflammation of the liver resulting in complete distruption of the liver’s normal archutecture

Question 22

Causes of Cirrhosis?

Answer 22

Chronic alcohol intake, NAFLD, hepatitis, autoimmune disease, iron-overload, heart failure, biliary disease

Question 23

Impact of liver failure on rest of the body

Answer 23

??

Question 24

Most pancreatic cancers are derived from cells of the exocrine pancreas and 70% of these occur at the head of the pancreas where they cause what signs and symptoms?

Answer 24

• Pain due to cell death & enzymatic fat necrosis/auto-digestion.
• Obstruction leading to malabsorption & weight loss, jaundice. - The combination of wasting & pain requiring opioid analgesics means that most people have a poor prognosis

Question 25

Why do people with Cirrhosis & Liver failure develop ascites?

Answer 25

Cirrhosis causes congestion which increases hydrostatic pressure leading to oedema & ascites.
LF -> reduced sythesis of plasma protein -> reduced colloidal pressue worsening the oedema & ascites

Question 26

ways we can die from having Cirrhosis apart from Liver Failure

Answer 26

• Cancer: hepatocellular carcinoma
• Haemorrhoid rupturing causing severe blood loss
• Encephalopthy -> disruption to CNS -> coma or death

Question 27

Risk factors for Cancers of the tube & accessory organs

Answer 27

smoking, alcohol, chronic inflammation

Question 28

Risk factors for Bowel cancer

Answer 28

chronic inflammatory bowel disease. usually starts off as benign (adenoma -> adenocarcinoma/squamous cell carcinoma)

Question 29

Gastric Cancer Risk factors:

Answer 29

Chronic gastritis, chronic gastric ulcer

Question 30

Liver Cancer Risk factors

Answer 30

cirrhosis of the liver

Question 31

Pancreatic Cancer Risk factors

Answer 31

chronic pancreatitis,

Question 32

lower osophagus risk factors

Answer 32

chronic gastric reflux, causes metaplasia, possible dysplasia which leads to cancer of the lower osophagus