Renal/Genitourinary_RR

Question 1

Renal tubular acidosis (RTA) associated with abnormal H+ secretion and nephrolithiasis

Answer 1

Type 1 (distal) RTA

Question 2

RTA associated with abnormal HCO3- and rickets

Answer 2

Type 2 (proximal) RTA

Question 3

RTA associated with aldosterone defect

Answer 3

Type 4 (distal) RTA

Question 4

“Doughy” skin

Answer 4

Hypernatremia

Question 5

Differential of hypervolemic hyponatremia

Answer 5

Cirrhosis, CHF, nephritic syndrome

Question 6

Chvostek’s and Trousseau’s signs

Answer 6

Hypocalcemia

Question 7

The most common causes of hypercalcemia

Answer 7

Malignancy and hyperparathyroidism

Question 8

T-wave flattening and U waves

Answer 8

Hypokalemia

Question 9

Peaked T waves and widened QRS

Answer 9

Hyperkalemia

Question 10

First-line treatment for moderate hypercalcemia

Answer 10

IV hydration and loop diuretics (furosemide)

Question 11

Type of acute renal failure with acute-onset flank pain and hematuria.

Answer 11

Nephrolithiasis

Question 12

The most common type of nephrolithiasis

Answer 12

Calcium oxalate

Question 13

A 20-year-old man presents with a palpable flank mass and hematuria. Ultrasound shows bilateral enlarged kidneys with cysts. Associated brain anomaly?

Answer 13

Cerebral berry aneurysms (autosomal dominant PCKD)

Question 14

Hematuria, hypertension, and oliguria

Answer 14

Nephritic syndrome

Question 15

Proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, hyperlipidemia, hyperlipiduria, and edema

Answer 15

Nephrotic syndrome

Question 16

The most common form of nephrotic syndrome

Answer 16

Membranous glomerulonephritis

Question 17

The most common form of glomerulonephritis

Answer 17

IgA nephropathy (Berger’s disease)

Question 18

Glomerulonephritis with deafness

Answer 18

Alport’s syndrome

Question 19

Glomerulonephritis with hemoptysis

Answer 19

Wegener’s granulomatosis and Goodpasture’s syndrome

Question 20

Presence of red blood cell casts in urine sediment

Answer 20

Glomerulonephritis/nephritic syndrome

Question 21

Eosinophils in urine sediment

Answer 21

Allergic interstitial nephritis

Question 22

Waxy casts in urine sediment and Maltese crosses (seen with lipiduria)

Answer 22

Nephrotic syndrome

Question 23

Drowsiness, asterixis, nausea, and a pericardial friction rub

Answer 23

Uremic syndrome seen in patients with renal failure

Question 24

A 55-year-old man is diagnosed with prostate cancer. Treatment options?

Answer 24

Wait, surgical resection, radiation, and/or androgen suppression.

Question 25

Low urine specific gravity in the presence of high serum osmolality

Answer 25

Diabetes insipidus

Question 26

Treatment of SIADH

Answer 26

Fluid restriction, demeclocycline

Question 27

Hematuria, flank pain, and palpable flank mass

Answer 27

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC)

Question 28

Testicular cancer associated with beta-hCG, alpha-fetal protein

Answer 28

Choriocarcinoma

Question 29

The most common type of testicular cancer

Answer 29

Seminoma, a type of germ cell tumor

Question 30

The most common histology of bladder cancer

Answer 30

Transitional cell carcinoma

Question 31

Complication of overly rapid correction of hyponatremia

Answer 31

Central pontine myelinolysis

Question 32

Salicylate ingestion causes what type of acid-base disorder?

Answer 32

Anion gap acidosis and primary respiratory alkalosis due to central respiratory stimulation

Question 33

Acid-base disturbance commonly seen in pregnant women

Answer 33

Respiratory alkalosis

Question 34

Three systemic diseases that lead to nephrotic syndorme

Answer 34

Diabetes mellitus, systemic lupus erythematosus, and amyloidosis

Question 35

What do elevated EPO level, elevated hematocrit, and normal O2 saturation suggest?

Answer 35

Renal cell carcinoma or other EPO-producing tumor; evaluate with CT scan

Question 36

A 55-year-old man presents with irritative and obstructive urinary symptoms. Likely diagnosis? Treatment options?

Answer 36

Likely BPH.

Options include no treatment, terazosin, finasteride, or surgical intervention (TURP).