Pulmonary_RR Flashcards
Risk factors for DVT
Stasis, endothelial injury, and hypercoagulability
Virchow’s triad
Criteria for exudative effusion
Pleural/serum protein > 0.5;
Pleural/serum LDH > 0.6
Causes of exudative effusion
Think of leaky capillaries.
Malignancy, TB, bacterial, viral infection, PE with infarct, and pancreatitis
Causes of transudative effusion
Think of intact capillaries.
CHF, liver or kidney disease, and protein-losing enteropathy
What might normalizing PCO2 in a patient having an asthma exacerbation indicate?
Fatigue and impending respiratory failure
Sarcoidosis
Dyspnea, lateral hilar lymphadenopathy on chest x-ray, non-caseating granulomas, increased ACE, and hypercalcemia
PFTs of obstructive pulmonary disease
Decreased FEV1/FVC
PFTs of restrictive pulmonary disease
Increased FEV1/FVC
Decreased TLC
Honeycomb pattern on chest x-ray. Diagnosis? Treatment?
Diffuse interstitial pulmonary fibrosis.
Supportive care; steroids may help
Treatment for SVC syndrome
Radiation
Treatment for mild persistent asthma
Inhaled beta-agonists and inhaled corticosteroids
Treatment for COPD exacerbation
O2, bronchodilators, antibiotics, corticosteroids with taper, smoking cessation
Treatment for chronic COPD
Smoking cessation, home O2, beta-agonists, anticholinergics, systemic or inhaled corticosteroids, flu and pneumococcal vaccines.
Acid-base disorder in PE
Respiratory alkalosis with hypoxia and hypocarbia
Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) associated with hypercalcemia
Squamous cell carcinoma
Lung cancer associated with SIADH
Small cell lung cancer (SCLC)
Lung cancer highly related to cigarette exposure
Small cell lung cancer (SCLC)
A tall Caucasian man presents with acute shortness of breath. Diagnosis? Treatment?
Spontaneous pneumothorax.
Spontaneous regression; supplemental O2 may be helpful
Treatment of tension pneumothorax
Immediate needle thoracostomy
Characteristics favoring carcinoma in an isolated pulmonary nodule
Age > 45-50;
Lesions new or larger in comparison to old films;
Absence of calcification or irregular calcification;
Size > 2cm;
Irregular margins
What are important findings in ARDS?
Hypoxemia and pulmonary edema with normal pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP)
Sequelae of asbestos exposure
Pulmonary fibrosis, pleural plaques, bronchogenic carcinoma (mass in lung field), mesothelioma (pleural mass)
Silicosis is associated with an increased risk of what infection?
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Causes of hypoxemia
Right-to-left shunt, hypoventilation, low inspired O2 tension, diffusion defect, V/Q mismatch
Classic chest x-ray findings for pulmonary edema
Cardiomegaly, prominent pulmonary vessels, Kerley B lines, “bat’s-wing” appearance of hilar shadows, and perivascular and peribronchial cuffing
Westermark’s sign and Hampton’s hump
Chest x-ray findings suggestive of PE
