Renal Calculi Flashcards

1
Q

Which medications can cause stones?

A

Vitamin A B and C, antacid, diuretic, calcium

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2
Q

What is the role of alpha-adrenergic receptor blockers in renal calculi?

A

Cause relaxation of smooth muscle in the ureters to facilitate stone passage and decrease pain

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3
Q

Who do you send home and who do you treat?

A

Home: painfree after 3 hours

Not: If febrile

If only one kidney or if both kidneys are obstructed

If the pain doesn’t settle

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4
Q

What are some good options for home analgesic management of renal colic?

A

Endocet suppository

Endone

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5
Q

How are cysteine stones treated?

A

Increase urine pH

Fluids

penicillamine

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6
Q

What are the most useful biochemical Ix for stones?

A

Stone biochemistry

24 urine Ca

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7
Q

How long do you give someone to pass their stone?

A

3-6 weeks

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8
Q

Is US valuable for the diagnosis of renal calculi?

A

No

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9
Q

How does a person with renal colic appear on observation and examination?

A

Restless

Non tender at the site of pain

No peritonism

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10
Q

When is lithotripsy indicated?

A

When the stone isn’t too large and in the renal pelvis

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11
Q

What type of xray is used for investigation of renal calculi? Why is it indicated?

A

XrayKUB

To avoid having to do another CT to follow up

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12
Q

Does the location of pain reflect the location of the stone?

A

No

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13
Q

How do you dissolve uric acid stones?

A

Increase urine pH with bicarb

Flush with water

Allopurinol

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14
Q

What are some treatment option for stones?

A

Conversative management

Dissolve

Destroy - US

Stent

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15
Q

Which stones form in acidic conditions? And which form in basic conditions?

A

Acidic :Uric acid

Cysteine

Basic: Calcium phosphate

Struvite

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16
Q

What is stemitil?

A

Prochlorperazine

17
Q

Which type of diuretic causes hypercalcaemia?

18
Q

Which stones are radiolucent?

A

Uric acid

Cystine

19
Q

What is a phlebolith?

A

Calcification of a venous valve

  • can complicate diagnosis
20
Q

What is the typical medical regimen for acute management of renal colic?

A

10mg morphine (or 100mg pethadine)

10mg metaclopramide

21
Q

What is the best investigation for stones?

A

Non-contrast CTKUB

22
Q

What is the character of renal colic?

A

Colicky/constant

Flank/groin

23
Q

How do you investigate the formation of stones?

A

Water consumption

Gout

Other conditions that cause it

FHx

24
Q

What percentage of renal colic has haematuria?

25
Which stones will pass?
If the diameter is \<4mm
26
How is calcium intake related to stone formation?
Inversely
27
How do you advise people on how much water to drink?
Drink until your urine is light yellow
28
What are treatment options for large stones?
Ureteroscopy and disintegration with laser mainly
29
How are some types of stones?
Calcium oxalate Calcium phosphate Uric acid Cysteine stones Struvite
30
What are some lifestyle and medical modifications that can be made?
Remove source 3L urine output per day Low Na input Low animal protein Thiazide Allopurinol
31
What are some DDx for flank pain?
Appendicitis Testicular torsion Biliary colic Ovarian cyst Diverticulitis
32
What type of stones can be dissolved medically?
Uric acid