Renal + Bladder Flashcards
Overview:
The kidneys are —/— which produce — from blood
The ureters transport — to the —
The bladder stores — until it’s ready to be —
The urethra transports — out of the —
pressure filters, urine
urine, bladder
urine, voided
urine, body
The urinary tract:
Urine which is elaborated in the — is collected in the renal — of each kidney Urine is conveyed by — from the — to the —. It is then stored in — before voiding, urethral resistance is —
nephrons pelvices ureters kindeys bladder bladder high
The ureters:
A wave of — which originates in the —/— and passes to the —— junction
peristalsis
renal pelvis
uretero-vesical
Structure of the bladder:
It is a hollw —/— organ lined by a — membrane and covered on its outer apsect partly —/— and partly by —.
It can be divided into two parts: the body, which lies above the —/—, and the base which consists of — and the —/—. The muscular wall is made of — muscle.
smooth muscle, mucous peritoneal serosa fascia ureteral orifices trigone bladder neck detrusor
5 layers of bladder wall (In to out): (5)
Urothelium (mucosa) Lamina Propria (mucosa) Submucosa Detrusor Adventitia
Trigone:
It is between the —/— and the —/—/—
Ureters pass through the muscle coat at an —
it acts as a — to prevent — of urine.
ureteric orifices internal urethral meatus angle sphincter reflux
Urethra:
Small tube leading from —/—/— to — the body
In females it is –cm long
In males it is –cm long
The wall consists of —/— and a —/—
Around the opening to the urethra, the circular fibres form the —/—/—
Inferior to this is the —/—/— which is composed of —/—
internal urethral orifice exterior 4 20 deep mucosa superficial muscularis internal urethral sphincter external urethral sphincter skeletal muscle
Innervation of the bladder:
Parasympathetic pathway from the — nerves causes the – to —. The internal sphincter —
The sympathetic pathway from the pelvic part of the sympathetic chain is — to the detrusor and — the internal sphincter.
The somatic pathway from the — nerve is — to the —/—
pelvic detrusor contract relaxes inhibitory contracts pudendal motor external sphincter
The micturition reflex:
When the detrusor muscle stretches, an —/— is sent to the —/— via —/— in the —/—. It also travels to the — and the —/— via this path.
Then — fibres in the pelvic nerved send the —/— back to the — where the —/— contracts and —/— relaxes.
The decreased — activity causes —/—/— to relax
action potential Sacral region sensory neurones pelvic nerve pons cerebral cortex parasympathetic action potential bladder detrusor muscle internal sphincter somatic external urinary sphincter
Smooth Muscle Cells:
Individual cells are small — shaped cells with a — nucleus. when fully relaxed, they are —/— micrometres long and around — micrometres in diameter (max)
There are no —/— visible under microscope
they contain — which is thin and — which is thick and –/–/–
—/— throughout the — serve as attachments for both — and — filaments.
SMCs contract and shorten by interaction between thick and think —
spindle central several hundreds 5-6 cross striations actin myosin cytoskeletal intermediate filaments Dense bodies cytoplasm thick + thin filaments
Smooth Muscle Contractile Mechanisms:
SMC contraction is mostly mediated by — mechanisms
Ach released from — nerves acts on — receptors on SMC, this leads to an increase in intracellular — which ultimately leads to —.
Which 3 types of muscarinic receptor have been found in human bladder?
cholinergic parasympathetic muscarinic Ca2+ contraction M1, M2, M3
Biochemical properties of the bladder:
The properties of the B.wall are dictated by —/— and —/–
Detrusor comprises around –% of the thickness of normal bladder wall.
Rise in luminal pressure during bladder contraction is/isn’t directly proportinal to sum of —/—
the overall wall tension results from — and — properties of the —.
connective tissue smooth muscle 60-70 isnt muscle tension passive + active tissue
Compliance: *DEFINITION* *FORMULA* A decreased compliance leads to an incremental --- in bladder --- during filling.
The ability of the bladder to accommodate a large range of volumes while maintaining a low intravesical pressure.
Compliance = Change in bladder volume (ml)
———————————————
Change in bladder pressure (cmH20)
increase
pressure
Bladder wall tension:
LaPlace’s law
The wall tension of a spherical body (bladder) is dependent on (3)
FORMULA
Internal Pressure (Pves)
Radius of bladder (r)
Bladder wall thickness (d)
Wall tension = (Pves x r) / 2d
Detrusor Pressure:
The detrusor pressure can be calculated by the difference of —/— and —/—
Both pressures can be easily measured with the help of a — in the — and —.
So… Detrusor pressure (Pdet) = Intravesical pressure (Pves) - intra-abdominal pressure (Pabd)
intravesical pressure intra-abdominal pressure catheter rectum bladder
