Nutrition Flashcards
Basal metabolic rate: *Definition* Functions which occur at basal conditions: - working of --- and other organs - --- of nerve impulse - re-absorption by --- tubules - gi --- - transport of --- across membranes
Amount of energy required by the body to maintain life at complete physical and mental rest in post absorptive state.
heart conduction renal motility ions
Factors that increase metabolic rate: --- body mass physical --- and --- Growth + --- Gender- Male or Female? Height Stress Digestion
Factors that decrease MR: Aging mass of -- starvation + --- living in a --- manner Gender- Male or female? Sleep
Lean
activity + excercise
development
Male
Fat
Dieting
sedentary
Female
Total daily energy expediture depends on 3 factors:
- –/—/—
- –/—
- – effect of food
basal metabolic rate
physical activity
thermic
If energy intake exceeds energy expenditure, then there is likey to be a — gain and vice versa.
weight
The fed state:
This is 0-4 hours post meal and is an — state
Increase in glucose = release of —
Insulin stimulates —, — and — synthesis.
— is the sole fuel for the brain, the uptake is dependent on —.
Muscles also use glucose which is also dependent on.
anabolic insulin glycogen, triglyceride + protein Glucose insulin insulin
The fasted state:
This is 4-12 hours post meal.
1.) — is broken down in the —. This provides — for oxidation by the —.
2.) Hydrolysis of — from stores, this relases —/— which is preferentially used for fuel by — and the —
3) — uses its store of —
These processes are activated by the increase in — to — ratio.
Glycogen Liver glucose brain triglycerides fatty acids muscles liver muscles glycogen
glucagon isulin
The starved state:
Supply of liver glycogen is —
so an alternative source of — is needed
1.) — and — activate protein breakdown to provide —/— which are used by the liver for —
2.) — tissue is broken down by hyrdolysis to release —
This is also used by the liver for —.
This is a metabolic pathway used to create — from non-carbohydrate — substrates.
Early starved state:
The breakdown of triglycerides by — also releases —/— which are used by the liver to produce —/— which can be used as fuel for the — and — tissues.
Late Starved state:
rate of breakdown of protein in muscles —
The brain adapts to using —/—
Muscles use —/— as fuel.
exhausted glucose Glucagon + cortisol amino acids gluconeogenesis Adipose glycerol gluconeogenesis glucose carbon
hydrolysis fatty acids ketone bodies brain peripheral
slows
ketone bodies
fatty acids
Effects on carbohydrate metabolism:
Insulin —>
Glucagon/adrenaline —>
Cortisol —>
Effects on glycogen metabolism:
Insulin —>
Glucagon/adrenaline —>
Cortisol —->
Effect on protein metabolism:
Insulin —>
Glucagon/adrenaline —>
Cortisol —>
Effect on fat metabolism:
Insulin —>
Glucagon/adrenaline —>
Cortisol —>
Glycolysis
Gluconeogenesis
Gluconeogenesis
Glycogenesis
Glycogenolysis
redistribute to muscle
Proteogenesis
Proteolysis
Proteolysis
Lipogenesis
Lipolysis
redistribute to abdomen
Define energy density:
The amount of energy stored in a given unit mass
Nutrient intake- Hormone control:
The hormone Ghrelin is an appetite — which is secreted in the —. It is secreted in response to — or — receptors in the stomach. Has a — range of effects on metabolism.
The hormone leptin is an appetite — which is released by cells called —. The secretion is altered by —, less than 5 hours will cause leptin to drop.
The hormone cholecytoskinin is an appetite — which is secreted in the —. It mediates a large number of — processes. Stimulated by — being present in the —.
The hormone neuropeptide Y is an appetite — controlled by the —. It is a multi-purpose — which can reduce — and signs of —
The hormone peptide YY is an appetite — which is secreted mainly in the — and — mucosal cells. It changes gut activity by acting on — receptors.
stimulant stomach mechanoreceptors stretch wide
suppressant
adipocytes
sleep
suppressant
stomach
fat
duodenum
stimulant
hypothalamus
neurotransmitter
anxiety + stress
suppressant
ileal
colonic
NPY
Calcium:
intake of calcium during childhood + adolescence important in determining peak —/—
Rapid increase in —/— in teenagers means they need more calcium than adults.
Adequate calcium intake of around —mg per day is also important determinant of later —/—
—/— is also of key importance.
bone mass bone mass 700 bone health physical excercise
Sources of calcium: Milk nuts dried fruit and green veg Hard water Fish with bones
Learn!
The elderly population:
–% of the population is over 65
This figure is increasing because of (2)
20
better living standards
better healthcare
White adipose tissue:
4 functions:
1.) store of —. It is efficient at this as it is stored with only a little amount of — required. contains more energy per gram than — or —
2.) Mechanical —
3.) Insulation- it conducts heat less — than other tissues
4.) endocrine function- it produces —
energy water carbs or protein cushion readily leptin
Nutrition concerns in the elderly:
The elderly require a more — dense diet as opposed to a more — dense diet because they have a reduced —/— and a decrease in —/—. They are at risk of deficiency in some —
nutrient energy metabolic rate lean mass micronutrients
