Cardiovascular System

Question 1

Blood Flow: Role of pressure
The CV system exists to perfuse — with sufficient — to meet their — needs.
The needs differ and change.
Blood must be distributed —
Transport + distribution of fluid requires —
Basic Principle:
The — provides energy for distributing —
—/— provide resistance to —
The interaction of the heart and vessels causes —/–

Answer 1

tissues
blood
metabolic
accordingly
pressure

heart
blood
blood vessels
flow
blood pressure

Question 2

Blood flow through vessels depends on:
Pressure gradient:
the pressure — along the tube as — is lost through — with the walls.
Flow depends on —
The vessel — is very important when analysing flow.

Answer 2

drops
energy
friction
(Delta)P
radius

Question 3

Pressure drop throughout circulation is greatest in vessels which offer the highest —.
These are the —

Answer 3

resistance

arterioles

Question 4

Blood Flow velocity- Influence of vessel area:
The same — of blood is moving at any point in the —.
The velocity depends on the —/— of those vessels.
The aorta is wide and there is only one so velocity is —.
The capillaries are tiny but there are millions so the velocity through them is —

Answer 4

volume
circulation
cross-sectional area
High
low

Question 5

Blood Vessels and the CV System:
Arteries distribute blood from the —
They have — walls as they are under — pressure
They are elastic- stores energy to maintain —/— during –
Variable resistance controls local —/—
The vessels which exchange with cells are called —
The veins are collective and take blood to the —
They are — walled as they are under — pressure.
Valves ensure — flow

Answer 5

heart
thick
high
blood pressure
diastole
blood flow
capillaries
heart
thin
low
uni-directional

Question 6

Blood Vessel Structure (In to Out):

1. ) —
2. ) — layer
3. ) Internal —/—
4. ) External —/—
5. ) — externa

Answer 6

endothelium
subendothelial 
elastic lamina
elastic lamina
Tunica

Question 7

Blood Vessels- Structure vs Function:
Arteries: elastic to store — and muscular to help —
Arterioles: —/— controls — blood flow
Capillary: — only for —
Venules: High — for —
Veins: Have a large — to store —, under low —, and the valves help —

Answer 7

energy
flow
Smooth muscle
local
endothelium
exchange
permeability
inflammation
volume
blood
pressure
uni-directional flow

Question 8

The blood flow from the heart is intermittent, blood flow through tissues is —.
A passive recoil of —/— provides the — and resistance of circulation so stops energy being — too quickly.

Answer 8

continuous
elastic arteries
energy
released

Question 9

Ventricular Contraction:

1. ) Ventricle contracts.
2. ) the — valve opens
3. ) The — and — expand and store — in the — walls.

Ventricular Relaxation:

1. ) Isovolumic — relaxation
2. ) — valve shuts
3. ) — recoil of arteries sends blood forward into rest of the — system.

Answer 9

semilunar
aorta + arteries, energy, elastic

ventricular
semilunar
elastic
circulatory

Question 10

Types of capillary: Continuous 
Found in --- muscle and brain
The endothelial lining is ---
They have ---/--- between adjacent cells
Very tight in BBB

Answer 10

skeletal
intact
tight junctions

Question 11

Types of capillary: Fenestrated
Found in --- and ---
The endothelial lining is not very ---
It has thin ---, also known as pores.
It permits high rate of --- at expense of leakage

Answer 11

kidney
intestine
intact
fenestrations 
exchange

Question 12

Type of capillary: Sinusoid
Found in --- and ---/---
Has an incomplete --- lining
exchange of --- molecules and cells
permits maximum opportunity to --- the blood

Answer 12

liver
bone marrow
endothelial
large
modify

Question 13

Fluid exchange in cappilaries driven by forces:
— and — forces act across the capillary —
At the arterial end, the balance promotes —
At the venous end, the balance promotoes —
The net filtration pressure at the arterial end forces molecules — of the capillary (NFP is +ve). The net filtration pressure at the venous end of the capillary pushes molecules — the capillary (NFP is -ve)
NFP = — pressure - — pressure

Answer 13

hydrostatic
osmotic
walls
filtration
reabsorption
out
into
Hydrostatic
osmotic

Question 14

Net outflow = Net — - Net —
About - litres a day is collected by —/—
The excess — and — that filter out of the capillary are picked up by the —-/— and returned to circulation

Answer 14

filtration
absorption
water
solutes
lymph vessels

Question 15

Venous Blood Pressure:
The pressure gradient in the venous system is only about – mm Hg.
A muscular ‘pump’ makes contraction of —/— which ‘milks’ blood toward the —.
A respiratory ‘pump’ causes pressure changes in the thorax/abdomen to squeeze/expand major —.
— ensure direction of — toward the —.

Answer 15

20
skeletal muscles
heart
veins
valves
blood
heart

Question 16

Factors affecting Mean Arterial Pressure:
Mean arterial blood pressure is determined by:
1.) Volume of —
2.) Effectiveness of a heart as a —
3.) Resistance of — to —/—
4.) Relative — of blood between — and — blood vessels.
1 is determined by fluid — and fluid —
2 is determined by —/— and —/—
3 is determined by — of arterioles
4 is determined by — of veins

Answer 16

Blood
pump
system
blood flow
distribution, arterial, venous
intake, loss
heart rate, stroke volume
diameter
diameter

Question 17

Arterioles are the — vessels of the circulation
resistance = 1/r^4
This is determined by:
direct —/—/— response to —
response to local — and circulating —
sympathetic — activity

Answer 17

resistance
smooth muscle cell, stretch
metabolites, hormones
nervous

Question 18

Adrenal — hormones- noripinephrine + epinephrine cause overall —
ADH causes — when the —/— is very low
Angiotensin II causes intense —
Endothelium-derived factors are —
Nitric oxide has a brief but potent — effect
Inflammatory chemicals such as — and — are potent —
Local metabolites such as CO2 + – all —

Answer 18

medulla
vasoconstriction
vasoconstriction, blood pressure
vasoconstriction
vasoconstrictors
vasodilation 
Histamine + kinins
vasodilators
K+, vasodilate

Question 19

Sympathetic activity- Baroreceptor reflex:
Impulses travelling along — nerves from — stimulate the —/— centre so sympathetic impulses to the heart will —.
Therefore the diameter of the vessels will — which — the resistance. This has what effect on the blood pressure?
Thus returning the blood pressure to the normal range.
An imbalance such as a stimulus which rises the blood pressure will stiimulate — in the — sinuses and the — arch. The cycle then continues with the impulse coming from the
— to the —/—

Answer 19

afferent
baroreceptors
cardio-inhibitory
decline
increase
decreases
BP decreases
baroreceptors
carotid 
aortic
baroreceptors 
cardio-inhibitory centre

Question 20

Mean Arterial Pressure and Cardiac Output:
Decreased blood pressure activates — centres in the —.
This increases/decreases Parasympathetic centre activity leading to increased —/— and therefore cardiac —.
When the sympathetic centre activity increases in response to decreased Blood pressure, this has the same effect on the heart rate as levels of — will be raised in the blood. This works by increasing the — of cardiac muscle which lowers the end — volume, increasing the — volume and therefore cardiac output.

Answer 20

cardiac
medulla
decreases
heart rate
output
epinephrine
contractility
systolic 
stroke

Question 21

Cardiac Output and Cardiac Reserve:
Cardiac output is the volume pumped by each — per minute.
CO = Heart rate x Stroke volume
HR is the number of — per minute
SV is the volume of blood pumped out by a — with each
—.
STROKE VOLUME FORMULA:

Cardiac reserve is the difference between — and — CO.

Answer 21

ventricle
beats
ventricle
beat

SV = End diastolic volume - End systolic volume

resting
maximal

Question 22

Control of Stroke Volume:
The preload is the amount that the ventricles are — prior to —. This is set by —/—/—.
Contractility is the cardiac cell — force from factors other than EDV.
Afterload is the back — exerted by blood in the large — leaving the heart.

Answer 22

stretched
systole
end diastolic volume
contractile
pressure
arteries

Question 23

Stroke Volume + Starling’s law of the heart:
The heart is a — pump which attempts to pump all that is returned to it which is called the ‘—/—’.
Greater venous return –> greater filling –> greater stretch –> greater force –> greater stroke — and eventually greater —/—

Answer 23

demand
venous return
volume
cardiac output

Question 24

Stroke volume + Afterload:
Before the heart can pump blood, the ventricle must expend energy which generates a pressure greater than
— pressure (— pressure)
Some of the work done by the heart muscle is wasted by not pumping blood.

Answer 24

arterial (diastolic)

Question 25

Stroke Volume + Contractility:
Contractility is a change in — strength which is independent of —/—/—.
Increased contractility –> Increased —/—
Increase in contractility comes from (3):

Answer 25

contractile
EDV
Stroke volume
Hormones such as epineprhine 
increased sympathetic activity
CA2+ and some drugs

Question 26

Control of Heart Rate:
Heart is stimulated by sympathetic — centre
Heart is inhibited by parasymathetic — centre
These are examples of — control.
Increased Venous return stimulates the — node
This is — control

Answer 26

cardioacceleratory 
cardioinhibitory 
extrinsic
sinoatrial
intrinsic

Question 27

Neural Control Of the Heart:
Sympathetic neurones coming from cardiovascular control centre in the medulla oblongata stimulate B-1 receptors of the — cells which causes influx of the ions — and —.
This increases the rate of —, which increases —/—, The neurotransmitter being used here is —
Parasympathetic neurones coming from the cardiovascular control centre in the MO stimulate — receptors of the — cells which causes efflux of — and decreases the influx of —. This — the cell and decreases the overall rate of —. This decreases the —/—.

Answer 27

autorhythmic 
Na+ and Ca2+
depolarisation
heart rate
Norepinephrine 
Muscarinic
autorhythmic
K+
Ca2+
 hyperpolarisation
heart rate.

Question 28

Blood pressure = — x —

Answer 28

Cardiac Output x resistance

Question 29

Mean Arterial Pressure + Blood Distribution:
Relative distribution between — and — circulation is v.important. The more blood on the arterial side, the greater the —/— with a greater —/— driving the blood flow. This is determined by the relative dilation or constriction of large —

Answer 29

arterial and venous
arterial pressure
pressure gradient
veins

Question 30

Mean Arterial Pressure + Blood Volume:
Long term mechanisms control Blood pressure by altering —/—
A decreased blood pressure stimulates the kidneys to release — which leads to the production of —.
This stimulates a release of — which retains the ion — and releases the hormone —. The overall effect of this is that more — is retained in the kindeys thus increasing Blood volume and pressure. Increased BP stimulates the kidneys to — water. Angiotensin II stimulates the release of both hormones. Aldosterone is secreted from the —/—

Answer 30

Blood volume
renin
angiotensin II
Aldosterone
Na+
ADH
water
eliminate
adrenal cortex

Question 31

Plasma/Interstitial fluid exchange:
Blood volume can also be influenced by distribution of fluid between — and —/—
Fluid exchange is driven by Starling forces, these are — and — forces.
If the force changes, then so does transfer of fluid volume in or out of the — which changes the —/—

Answer 31

plasma
interstitial fluid
hydrostatic + osmotic
plasma
blood volume

Question 32

Blood pressure dysfunction: Hypertension:
systolic/diastolic of > —(over)— mmHg
Involved in major health issues such as: (3)

Answer 32

140/90
Ischaemic heart disease
Atherosclerosis
Stroke