Renal

Question 1

what is mode of inheritance of PKD

Answer 1

AD or AR

Question 2

what is presentation of PKD

Answer 2

HTN, flank pain, haematuria

Question 3

what other risk occurs with PKD

Answer 3

risk of BERRY NEURYSM

Question 4

what is acute renal failure

Answer 4

RAPID deterioration in renal funvion

Question 5

what are causes of. AKI

Answer 5

pre renal: failure of perfusion
renal: acute tubular injury, acute glomerulomnephritis, thrombotic micrpoangiopathy
post-renal: obstruction

Question 6

what is the msot common cause of AKI

Answer 6

acute tubular injury

Question 7

what can cause tubular injury

Answer 7

ischaemia
toxins
drugs

Question 8

what is acute glomerulonephritis q

Answer 8

acute inflammaation of the glomeruli

Question 9

what is the KEY HISTO feature of acute glomerulonephritis

Answer 9

CRESCENTS on microscopu

Question 10

what are causes of acute glomerulonephritis

Answer 10

immune complex deposition (IgA)
anti-GBM disease (goodpastures)
Pauci-immune

Question 11

what is another name of goodpastures disease

Answer 11

anti-GBM

Question 12

what occurs in goodpastures

Answer 12

antibodies against C terminal domain of T4 collages

may clross react wiuth albeolar basement membrane, causing pulmonary haemorrhage

Question 13

what does immunohisto for goodpastures show

Answer 13

linear deposition of IgG on glomerular basement membrane

Question 14

what is thrombotic microangiopathy

Answer 14

damaage to endothelium ion glomeruli/arterioles > lead to thrombosis e.g. MAHA, HUS

Question 15

list causes of nephrotic syndrome

Answer 15

minimal change disease
focal segmental glomerulosclerosdis
membramous glomerulonephritis

Question 16

what occurs histologically in minimal change disease

Answer 16

loss of podocytes

Question 17

what occurs histologically in membramous glomerulonephritis

Answer 17

thickening of GBM

Question 18

what nodules are pathomnemonic of diabetic nephropathy

Answer 18

Kimmelsein-Wilson nodules (stage 3)

Question 19

what is AA amyloidosis associated with

Answer 19

chronic inflamm condition

Question 20

What is AL amyloid associated with

Answer 20

Ig light chains, so multiple myeloma

Question 21

explain clinical presentation of Alport syndrome

Answer 21

X linked dominant

deafness, ocular disease

Question 22

3 primary causes of nephrotic syndrome

Answer 22

1. Minimal change disease
2. Membranous glomerulonephritis
3. Focal Segmental glomerulosclerosis

Question 23

Who does minimal change disease occur in

Answer 23

children

Question 24

What is seen on electron microscopy in Minimal change

Answer 24

loss of podocytes

Question 25

WEhat is seen on microscopy of membranous glomerulonephritis

Answer 25

loss of podocytes, spiky subendothelial deposits

Question 26

What is seen on microscopy of Focal Segmental glomerulosclerosis

Answer 26

Focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis and scarring | hyalinosis

Question 27

Give two secondary causes of nephrotic syndrome

Answer 27

Diabetes | Amyllidosis

Question 28

What is seen on histology of nephrotic syndrome with diabetes

Answer 28

Thickened Basement membrane | Kimmelstein wilson nodules aka mesangial matrix

Question 29

list 5 causes of NEPHRITIC syndorme

Answer 29

1. Post strep GN 2. IgA nephropathy (Berger Disease) 3. Crescentic (rapidly rogressive) GN 4. Alport's (hreditary nephritis) 5. Benign familial haematuria (thin basement membrane disease)

Question 30

Explain Alport syndrome

Answer 30

X linked mutation in T4 collagen Nephritic syndrome + sensorineural deafness + eye disorder

Question 31

Explain Benign Familial Haematuria (thin basement membrane disease)

Answer 31

AD mutation for T4 collagen Causes diffuse thinnning of GBM Usually asymptomatic

Question 32

What are the three key causes of asymptomatic haematuria

Answer 32

Thin basememnt membrane diseas e IgA nephropathy Alport

Question 33

How does nephritic syndrome cause HTN

Answer 33

inflammation of glomerular vessels allowing red blood cells to enter the renal tubule; as they enter they are damaged. The body compensates for inflammation by slowing renal blood flow this causes oliguria > water retention >hypertension.

Question 34

what is the timeline for IgA nephropathy after infection

Answer 34

only 1-4 days post resp/GI infectioN!!