Gynae

Question 1

How does HPV transform cells

Answer 1

E6, E7 proteins
inactivate two tumour suppressor genes
E6 inactivates p53
E7 inactivates retinoblastoma

Question 2

what is the key histological feature of productive HPV

Answer 2

koilocyte (halo around nucleus)

Question 3

where in the cervix does cervical cancer occur

Answer 3

in the transition zone

Question 4

why is the transition zone at high risk of cervical cancer

Answer 4

because it undergoes metaplasia regularly

Question 5

what kind of epithelium does CIN usually affect

Answer 5

squamous

Question 6

what kind of epithelium does CGIN affect

Answer 6

cervical glandular intraepithelial neoplasia (on the inside of the cervix)

Question 7

what type of tumour are most cervical cancers s

Answer 7

squamous cells

Question 8

what kind of tumour can rarely arise in cervical cancer, and when?

Answer 8

Adenocarcinoma

when the cancer occurs INSIDe the cervix, in CGIN

Question 9

what is the biggest RF for endometrial carcinoma

Answer 9

high oestrogen s

Question 10

what are the three T1 endometrial adenocarcinomas

Answer 10

endometrioid
mucinous
secretory

Question 11

what kinds of patients do T1 endometrial adenocarcinomas occur in

Answer 11

younger patients

Question 12

What are type 2 endometrial adenocarcinomas

Answer 12

Serous

Clear cell

Question 13

Who do T2 endometrial adenocarcinomas occur in

Answer 13

elderly women
less oestrogen dependent
arise in atrophic endometrium

Question 14

What is FIGO stage 1 endometrial cancer

Answer 14

confined to uterus

Question 15

What is FIGO stage 2 endometrial cancer

Answer 15

spread to cervix

Question 16

What is FIGO stage 3 endometrial cancer

Answer 16

spread to adnexae, vagina, local lymph nodes

Question 17

What is FIGO stage 4 endometrial cancer

Answer 17

distant spread to other pelvic organs

Question 18

What occurs in a complete mole?

Answer 18

FERTILISATION OF AN EMPTY EGG
- either 1 sperm + empty egg = duplication of sperm = 46XX/46YY

OR
- 2 sperm + empty egg

Question 19

What is a partial mole

Answer 19

normal ovum (23X) fertilised by two sperm > presence of 3 sets of chromosomes

Question 20

what kinds of ovarian cysts can you have

Answer 20

functional (follicular, luteal, endometriotic)

PCOS

Question 21

What three tissue types is an ovary made up of

Answer 21

epithelial
stromal
germ cells

Question 22

What is the most common type of ovarian tumour

Answer 22

epithelial

Question 23

Explain T1 epithelial ovarian tumours

Answer 23

low grade INDOLENT

low grade serous, endometrioid, mucinous, clear cell

Question 24

Explain T2 epithelial ovarian tumour

Answer 24

high grade

SEROUS

Question 25

what is the most common mutation in T2 epithelial ovarian tumour

Answer 25

p53

Question 26

what are the types of stromal ovarian tumours

Answer 26

fibroma
granulosa
thecoma
sertoli-leidig

Question 27

how can you split germ cell ovarian tumours?

Answer 27

undifferentiated / some differentiation

Question 28

what is the undifferentiated germ cell tumour called

Answer 28

dysgerminoma

Question 29

what are the types of partially differentiated germ cell tumour called?

Answer 29

Embryonic tissue > TERATOMA
Trophoblast > CHORIOCARCINOMA
Extraembryonic tissue > ENDODERMAL SINUS TUMOUR

Question 30

WHat is a krukenberg tumour

Answer 30

a bilateral mestasasis of gastric / breast c ancer

Question 31

what is a krukenberg tumour composed of

Answer 31

composed of MUCIN PRODUCING SIGNET RING CELLS