Gynae Flashcards
How does HPV transform cells
E6, E7 proteins
inactivate two tumour suppressor genes
E6 inactivates p53
E7 inactivates retinoblastoma
what is the key histological feature of productive HPV
koilocyte (halo around nucleus)
where in the cervix does cervical cancer occur
in the transition zone
why is the transition zone at high risk of cervical cancer
because it undergoes metaplasia regularly
what kind of epithelium does CIN usually affect
squamous
what kind of epithelium does CGIN affect
cervical glandular intraepithelial neoplasia (on the inside of the cervix)
what type of tumour are most cervical cancers s
squamous cells
what kind of tumour can rarely arise in cervical cancer, and when?
Adenocarcinoma
when the cancer occurs INSIDe the cervix, in CGIN
what is the biggest RF for endometrial carcinoma
high oestrogen s
what are the three T1 endometrial adenocarcinomas
endometrioid
mucinous
secretory
what kinds of patients do T1 endometrial adenocarcinomas occur in
younger patients
What are type 2 endometrial adenocarcinomas
Serous
Clear cell
Who do T2 endometrial adenocarcinomas occur in
elderly women
less oestrogen dependent
arise in atrophic endometrium
What is FIGO stage 1 endometrial cancer
confined to uterus
What is FIGO stage 2 endometrial cancer
spread to cervix
What is FIGO stage 3 endometrial cancer
spread to adnexae, vagina, local lymph nodes
What is FIGO stage 4 endometrial cancer
distant spread to other pelvic organs
What occurs in a complete mole?
FERTILISATION OF AN EMPTY EGG
- either 1 sperm + empty egg = duplication of sperm = 46XX/46YY
OR
- 2 sperm + empty egg
What is a partial mole
normal ovum (23X) fertilised by two sperm > presence of 3 sets of chromosomes
what kinds of ovarian cysts can you have
functional (follicular, luteal, endometriotic)
PCOS
What three tissue types is an ovary made up of
epithelial
stromal
germ cells
What is the most common type of ovarian tumour
epithelial
Explain T1 epithelial ovarian tumours
low grade INDOLENT
low grade serous, endometrioid, mucinous, clear cell
Explain T2 epithelial ovarian tumour
high grade
SEROUS
what is the most common mutation in T2 epithelial ovarian tumour
p53
what are the types of stromal ovarian tumours
fibroma
granulosa
thecoma
sertoli-leidig
how can you split germ cell ovarian tumours?
undifferentiated / some differentiation
what is the undifferentiated germ cell tumour called
dysgerminoma
what are the types of partially differentiated germ cell tumour called?
Embryonic tissue > TERATOMA
Trophoblast > CHORIOCARCINOMA
Extraembryonic tissue > ENDODERMAL SINUS TUMOUR
WHat is a krukenberg tumour
a bilateral mestasasis of gastric / breast c ancer
what is a krukenberg tumour composed of
composed of MUCIN PRODUCING SIGNET RING CELLS
