Fundamentals

Question 1

What cell type is associated with ACUTE inflammation

Answer 1

Neurophils

Question 2

What cell type is associated with CHRONIC inflammation

Answer 2

Lymphocytes / macrophages

Question 3

What do neutrophils look like

Answer 3

multi lobed nuclei with granules

Question 4

What do lymphocytes look like

Answer 4

large nucleus, small cytoplasm

Question 5

what are oesinophils associated with

Answer 5

allergy
parasitic infection
tumour e.g. Hodgkin , as a reaction to the neoplastic process

Question 6

Describe the appearance of eosinophilic oesophagitis

Answer 6

FELINE oesophagus - with horizontal striae

occurs with food allergy

Question 7

What are mast cells associated with

Answer 7

inflammatory reaction

e.g. urticaria

Question 8

What are macrophages associates with

Answer 8

late acute inflammation

or

chronic inflammation

Question 9

What is a granuloma made up of

Answer 9

Ball (ORGANISED COLLECTION) OF ACTIVATED MACROPHAGES and lymphocytes

Question 10

WHAT do macrophages become in chronic inflammatory conditions

Answer 10

secretory

Question 11

what are causes of granuloma

Answer 11

TB 
Leprosy 
Cat scratch fever 
Fungal 
Sarcoidosis

Question 12

what are the three types of carcinoma (cancer of epithelial cell)

Answer 12

Squamous cell
adenocarcinoma
transitional cell carcinoma

Question 13

What are sites of origin os SCC

Answer 13

SKin 
oesophagus 
anus 
cervix
vagina

Question 14

What are sites of origin of adenocarcinoma

Answer 14

lung 
breaset 
stomach 
colon 
pancreas

Question 15

What stain is good for melanin (aka melanocyte histology

Answer 15

fontana stain

Question 16

what are the two types of stain you can use

Answer 16

histochemical - based on chemical reaction between stain and tissue
Immunohistochemical - involves using antibodies

Question 17

What stain is good to show iron overload

Answer 17

Prussian blue

Question 18

What stain is good for amyloid

Answer 18

Congo red

Question 19

What does Congo red show for amyloid

Answer 19

Under polarised light - apple green biorefringence

Question 20

What is a good marker for an epithelial tumour

Answer 20

Cytokeratin Antibody

because cytokeratin is present in ALL epithelial cells (in intermediate filament)

Question 21

What is a good lymphoid marker in immunohistochem

Answer 21

CD45

Question 22

What does the nucleus of a cell with HSV look like

Answer 22

Contains multiple nuclei

Question 23

What do oesinophils look like

Answer 23

biolobed nuclei

red granules

Question 24

what do mast cells look like

Answer 24

very large, heavily granular

Question 25

WHat type of inflammation is a granuloma?

Answer 25

chronic inflammation

Question 26

What is standard histology of an SCC

Answer 26

Keratin production

IC bridges

Question 27

What is standard histology of an adenocarcinoma

Answer 27

mucin production + glands

Question 28

What is standard histology of a sarcoma

Answer 28

arises from mesenchymal cells

Question 29

give 3 names of histochemical stains and what they are used for

Answer 29

H&E: everyday
Prussian blue: iron
Congo red: amyloid

Question 30

give two examples of immunohistochemistry and what they are used for

Answer 30

Cytokeratin: epithelial cells
CD45: lymphoma