Endocrine disease Flashcards
what kind of cells is the anterior pituitary made up of
epithelial cells
what kind of cells is the posterior pituitary made up of
nerve cels
what is the size of a microadenoma
<1cm
what are causes of hypopituitarism
iatrogenic (ablation of pituitary by surgery/irradiation)
Sheehan’s (ischaemic necrosis)
non-secreting pituitari adenoma
what are clinical features of hypopituitarism
lack of all pituitary hormones .l
what hormones are produced by the posterior pituitary
ADH
oxytocin
what are local mass effects of pituitary tumours
bitemporal hemianopia
raised ICP
obstructive hydrocephalus if severe
what are posterior pituitary syndromes involving ADH
Diabetes insipiidus
SIADH
what is a non toxic goitre
enlargement of thyroid
without extra production of thyroid hormones
what is the triad of symptoms for graves disease
thyrotoxicosis
exophthalmos
pretibial myxoedema
what cells are visible on histology of Hashimotos
Hurthle cells
what should you do with an adenoma of the thyroid
examine the capsule for invasion
to exclude follicular carcinoma
what are the four types of thyroid carcinomas
papillary
follicular
medullar
anapaestic
what was the most common type of thyroid carcinoma
papillary
what HISTOLOGICAL features is papillary carcinoma based on
Nuclear features (optically clear nuclei, intranuclear inclusions) Psammoma bodies (little foci of calcification)
what cells does a medullary carcinoma derive from
parafollicular C cells
what is the cxharacteristic feature of medullary carcinoma
calcitonin produced by tumour cells is broken down
deposited s amyloid within the thyroid
can be visualised with Congo red
what two tumours can ariuse from the adrenal medulla
phaeo
neruoblastioma
what is the rule of ten with phaeo
10% associated with a syndrome (MEN, vHL)
10% bilateral
10% malignant
10% catecholamine secreting tumour occurring outside the adrenal gland
what is MEN
Multiple endocrine neoplasia
group of inherited conditions resulting in proliferative neoplasms in endocrine organs
what tumours occur with MEN1
Parathyroid hyperplasia
Pituitary adenoma
Pancreatic tumour
MEN 2A tumours
Parathyroid hyperplasia
Medullary thyroid cancer
Phaeo
MEN2B tumours
same as 2A + marfanoid + mucosal neuroma
