Renal 2

Question 1

what pH imbalance does renal tubular acidosis cause

Answer 1

metabolic acidosis

Question 2

what is type 1 renal tubular acidosis

Answer 2

failure of DCT to excrete H+

Question 3

what is type 2 renal tubular acidosis

Answer 3

failure of DCT to reabsorb bicarbonate ion

Question 4

what is type 3 renal tubular acidosis

Answer 4

a mix of type 1 and 2
failure of the DCT to excrete H+ and the PCT to rabsorb bicarbonate

Question 5

what is type 4 renal tubular acidosis

Answer 5

low aldosterone causes hyperkalemia

this causes a lack of ammonia production, alongside H+ being excreted in the urine

Question 6

urine pH and blood K+ in renal tubular acidosis type 1

Answer 6

urine pH= high
blood K+= hypokalemia

Question 7

urine pH and blood K+ in renal tubular acidosis type 2

Answer 7

urine pH= high
blood K+= hypokalemia

Question 8

urine pH and blood K+ in renal tubular acidosis type 4

Answer 8

urine pH= low
blood K+= hyperkalemia

Question 9

renal tubular acidosis management

Answer 9

type 1 and 2= bicarbonate
type 4= treat cause and replace aldosterone with fludrocortisone, can also use bicarbonate

Question 10

HUS triad

Answer 10

autoimmune haemolytic anaemia
thrombocytopenia
AKI

Question 11

HUS is triggered by

Answer 11

e coli 0157
shiga toxin

Question 12

what happens in HUS

Answer 12

thrombi in small blood vessels throughout the body

Question 13

HUS timeline

Answer 13

gastroenteritis (diarrhoea which turns bloody in 3 days)
a week after features of HUS develop

Question 14

what is released in rhabdomyolysis

Answer 14

myoglobin
potassium
creatine kinase
phosphate

Question 15

what electrolyte imbalance in most dangerous is rhabdomyolysis

Answer 15

hyperkaelmia

Question 16

rhabdomyolysis mx

Answer 16

IV fluids
treating hyperkalemia

Question 17

main diagnostic test for rhabdomyolysis and result

Answer 17

creatine kinase
raised to 1000-10000

Question 18

moderate hyperkalemia

Answer 18

6-6.5

Question 19

severe hyperkalemia

Answer 19

over 6.5

Question 20

hyperkalemia what happens to p waves

Answer 20

flattened

Question 21

hyperkalemia what happens to PR interval

Answer 21

prolonged

Question 22

hyperkalemia what happens to QRS complexes

Answer 22

wide

Question 23

medications that cause hyperkalemia

Answer 23

acei
arb
aldosterone antagonists
nsaids

Question 24

hyperkalemia mx

Answer 24

30ml 10% calcium gluconate
10 units insulin with 50ml 50% glucose

10 10 10 50 50

adjuncts include
nebulised salbutamol
calcium resonium

Question 25

types of polycystic kidney disease

Answer 25

autosomal dominant
autosomal recessive

Question 26

what type of polycystic kidney disease is more severe

how does this manifest

Answer 26

autosomal recessive

causes oligohydramnios in utero, this leads to pulmonary hypoplasia so babies have resp failure at birth

Question 27

what can slow the development of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease

Answer 27

tolvaptan

Question 28

KDIGO stage 1 AKI rise in creatinine

Answer 28

1.5-1.9x baseline

Question 29

KDIGO stage 2 AKI rise in creatinine

Answer 29

2-2.9x baseline

Question 30

KDIGO stage 3 AKI rise in creatinine

Answer 30

above 3x baseline

Question 31

KDIGO stage 1 AKI urine output reduction

Answer 31

<0.5ml/kg/hr for 6 hours or more

Question 32

KDIGO stage 2 AKI urine output reduction

Answer 32

<0.5ml/kg/hr for 12 hours or more

Question 33

KDIGO stage 3 AKI urine output reduction

Answer 33

<0.3ml/kg/hr for 24 hours or more