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Zero to finals > Endo > Flashcards

Endo Flashcards

1
Q

anterior pituitary releases

A

ACTH
TSH
GH
FSH
LH
prolactin

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2
Q

posterior pituitary releases

A

oxytocin
ADH

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3
Q

what stimulates the pituitary gland

A

hypothalamus

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4
Q

where is cortisol released from

A

adrenal gland

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5
Q

what does growth hormone cause release of

A

IGF-1

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6
Q

how does PTH act on bones1

A

increases osteoclast activity
this causes calcium to be released from the bones to the blood

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7
Q

3 actions of PTH

A
  1. increase bone osteoclast activity
  2. increase kidney calcium reabsorption
  3. increase small intestine calcium absorbtion
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8
Q

how does PTH increase calcium absorption from the small intestines?

A

convert vitamin D to calcitriol

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9
Q

describe renin angiotensin aldosterone axis

A
  1. low bp causes renin release
  2. renin converts angiotensin to angiotensin I in liver
  3. angiotensin I is converted to angiotensin II in lungs by ACE
  4. angiotensin II stimulates causes vasoconstriction and release of aldosterone
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10
Q

where is renin released from

A

afferent arteriole of kidney

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11
Q

where is angiotensin converted to angiotensin I

A

liver

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12
Q

where is angiotensin I converted to angiotensin II

A

lungs

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13
Q

where is aldosterone released from

A

adrenal glands

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14
Q

what does aldosterone do in kidney

A

increases sodium reabsorption
increases potassium excretion
increases H+ excretion

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15
Q

primary hyperthyroidism causes

A

graves
de quervains
solitary toxic nodule
toxic multinodular goitre

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16
Q

primary hypothyroidism causes

A

hashimotos
iodine deficiency
over treatment of hyperthyroidism

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17
Q

how is iodine used by the thyroid

A

it is used to make thyroid hormones

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18
Q

what does uptake of iodine by thyroid suggest

A

active cells that are producing thyroid hormones

19
Q

what thyroid issue is pretibial myxoedema associated with

A

graves disease

20
Q

what hand sign is seen in graves disease

A

thyroid acropachy- finger swelling and clubbing

21
Q

what might use of carbimazole cause

A

acute pancreatitis
agranulocytosis

22
Q

how long after radioiodine can you get pregnant

A

6 months if lady
4 months if man

23
Q

thyroid antibodies

A

anti thyroid peroxidase
anti thyroglobulin
anti TSH receptor

24
Q

most common cause of hypothyroidism in developing world

A

iodine deficiency

25
Q

how does lithium affect the thyroid

A

hypothyroidism

26
Q

causes of reduced pituitary function

A

tumor
surgery
radiotherapy
sheehans

27
Q

in what causes of hypothyrodism can you get goitre

A

hashimotos (initial phase)
iodine deficiency

28
Q

how often is levothyroxine dose checked

A

every 4 weeks

29
Q

what steroids are high in cushings

A

glucocorticoids

30
Q

what are the 2 types of corticosteroid hormones

A

glucocorticoids
mineralocorticoids

31
Q

when what form of cushings syndrome do you get hyperpigmentation

A

cushings disease- due to too high ACTH

32
Q

most common cause of primary hyperaldosteronism

A

bilateral adrenal hyperplasia

33
Q

what is secondary hyperaldosteronism

A

excess renin due to
renal artery stenosis
heart failure
liver cirrhosis and ascites

34
Q

interpretation of renin:aldosterone

A

low renin high aldosterone= primary hyperalodsteronism

high renin high aldosterone= secondary hyperaldosteronism

35
Q

ix for hyperalosteronism

A

CT/MRI to look for adrenal hyperplasia or tumor

renal artery imaging to look for stenosis

adrenal vein sampling to see which adrenal is making more aldosterone

36
Q

moa spironolactone

A

aldosterone antagonist

37
Q

there is loss of what hormones in adrenal insufficiency

A

cortisol
aldosterone

38
Q

what happens to glucose in adrenal insufficiency

A

low

39
Q

what happens to calcium in adrenal insufficiency

A

high

40
Q

what medications replace cortisol and aldosterone in adrenal insufficiency

A

hydrocortisone replaces cortisol

fludrocortisone replaces aldosterone

41
Q

what type of steroid hormone is aldosterone

A

mineralocorticoid

42
Q

what type of steroid hormone is cortisol

A

glucocorticoid

43
Q

steroid sick day rules for addisons

A

double the dose of replacement steroids

44
Q

adrenal crisis mx

A

A-E
IV 100mg hydrocortisone
IV dextrose
IV fluids

Zero to finals (21 decks)

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