Endo Flashcards
anterior pituitary releases
ACTH
TSH
GH
FSH
LH
prolactin
posterior pituitary releases
oxytocin
ADH
what stimulates the pituitary gland
hypothalamus
where is cortisol released from
adrenal gland
what does growth hormone cause release of
IGF-1
how does PTH act on bones1
increases osteoclast activity
this causes calcium to be released from the bones to the blood
3 actions of PTH
- increase bone osteoclast activity
- increase kidney calcium reabsorption
- increase small intestine calcium absorbtion
how does PTH increase calcium absorption from the small intestines?
convert vitamin D to calcitriol
describe renin angiotensin aldosterone axis
- low bp causes renin release
- renin converts angiotensin to angiotensin I in liver
- angiotensin I is converted to angiotensin II in lungs by ACE
- angiotensin II stimulates causes vasoconstriction and release of aldosterone
where is renin released from
afferent arteriole of kidney
where is angiotensin converted to angiotensin I
liver
where is angiotensin I converted to angiotensin II
lungs
where is aldosterone released from
adrenal glands
what does aldosterone do in kidney
increases sodium reabsorption
increases potassium excretion
increases H+ excretion
primary hyperthyroidism causes
graves
de quervains
solitary toxic nodule
toxic multinodular goitre
primary hypothyroidism causes
hashimotos
iodine deficiency
over treatment of hyperthyroidism
how is iodine used by the thyroid
it is used to make thyroid hormones
what does uptake of iodine by thyroid suggest
active cells that are producing thyroid hormones
what thyroid issue is pretibial myxoedema associated with
graves disease
what hand sign is seen in graves disease
thyroid acropachy- finger swelling and clubbing
what might use of carbimazole cause
acute pancreatitis
agranulocytosis
how long after radioiodine can you get pregnant
6 months if lady
4 months if man
thyroid antibodies
anti thyroid peroxidase
anti thyroglobulin
anti TSH receptor
most common cause of hypothyroidism in developing world
iodine deficiency
how does lithium affect the thyroid
hypothyroidism
causes of reduced pituitary function
tumor
surgery
radiotherapy
sheehans
in what causes of hypothyrodism can you get goitre
hashimotos (initial phase)
iodine deficiency
how often is levothyroxine dose checked
every 4 weeks
what steroids are high in cushings
glucocorticoids
what are the 2 types of corticosteroid hormones
glucocorticoids
mineralocorticoids
when what form of cushings syndrome do you get hyperpigmentation
cushings disease- due to too high ACTH
most common cause of primary hyperaldosteronism
bilateral adrenal hyperplasia
what is secondary hyperaldosteronism
excess renin due to
renal artery stenosis
heart failure
liver cirrhosis and ascites
interpretation of renin:aldosterone
low renin high aldosterone= primary hyperalodsteronism
high renin high aldosterone= secondary hyperaldosteronism
ix for hyperalosteronism
CT/MRI to look for adrenal hyperplasia or tumor
renal artery imaging to look for stenosis
adrenal vein sampling to see which adrenal is making more aldosterone
moa spironolactone
aldosterone antagonist
there is loss of what hormones in adrenal insufficiency
cortisol
aldosterone
what happens to glucose in adrenal insufficiency
low
what happens to calcium in adrenal insufficiency
high
what medications replace cortisol and aldosterone in adrenal insufficiency
hydrocortisone replaces cortisol
fludrocortisone replaces aldosterone
what type of steroid hormone is aldosterone
mineralocorticoid
what type of steroid hormone is cortisol
glucocorticoid
steroid sick day rules for addisons
double the dose of replacement steroids
adrenal crisis mx
A-E
IV 100mg hydrocortisone
IV dextrose
IV fluids
