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Zero to finals > Haem > Flashcards

Haem Flashcards

1
Q

what cells do lymphoid stem cells give rise to

A

B/T/NK cells

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2
Q

platelets are made from

A

megkaryoctes

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3
Q

RBCs mature from

A

reticulocytes

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4
Q

macrophages mature from

A

monocytes

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5
Q

haemtopoietic stem cells can become what types of stem cell

A

myeloid
lymohoid
dendritic

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6
Q

target cells are seen in

A

IDA
post splenectomy

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7
Q

heinz bodies are seen in

A

G6PD deficiency
alpha thalassaemia

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8
Q

what is a heinz body

A

denatured haemoglobin as an inclusion in an RBC

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9
Q

howell jolly bodies are seen in

A

sickle cell anaemia
splenectomy
severe anaemia

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10
Q

what is a howell jolly body

A

an RBC with DNA material inside

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11
Q

howell jolly bodies are normally removed by the

A

spleen

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12
Q

shistocytes are seen in

A

MAHA
metallic valve replacement

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13
Q

causes of MAHA

A

DIC
HUS
TTP

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14
Q

smudge cells are seen in

A

CLL

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15
Q

siderblasts are seen in

A

myelodysplastic syndrome

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16
Q

spherocytes are seen in

A

autoimmune haemolytic anaemia
hereditary spherocytosis

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17
Q

microcytic anaemia acronym

A

TAILS

thalassaemia
anaemia of chronic disease
IDA
lead poisoning
siderblastic anaemia

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18
Q

normocytic anaemia acronym

A

2As, 2Hs

acute blood loss
anaemic of chronic disease
aplastic
haemolytic
hypothyroidism

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19
Q

koilonychia suggests

A

IDA

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20
Q

signs of IDA on examination

A

koilonychia
angular chellitis
atrophic glossitis
brittle hair and nails

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21
Q

hypothyroidism causes what type of anaemia

A

normocytic or macrocytic

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22
Q

what GI ix would you do for unexplained IDA

A

colonoscopy
OGD

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23
Q

most common cause of IDA in adults

A

blood loss eg menorrhagia, bleeding ulcer, colon cancer

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24
Q

what anaemia causes pica

A

IDA

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25
Q

where is most iron absorbed

A

duodenum and jejunum

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26
Q

what is TIBC

A

how much space there is on transferrin for iron to bind to

27
Q

when is ferritin raised

A

inflammation

its an acute phase protein

28
Q

what does transferrin saturation indicate

A

how much total iron there is in the body

high= a lot
low= less

29
Q

transferrin saturation in IDA

A

low

30
Q

what medications cause reduced b12 absorption

A

PPIs
metformin

31
Q

pernicious anaemia is due to antibodies against

A

parietal cells OR
intrinsic factor

32
Q

where is intrinsic factor produced

A

by parietal cells

33
Q

what antibodies are more helpful in diagnosing pernicious anaemia

A

IF

34
Q

how is b12 replaced in pernicious anaemia

A

IM hydroxycobalamin

no neuro sx= 3 x weekly for 2 weeks
neuro sx= alternate days until sx stop improving

pernicious anaemia= 2/3 monthly injections for life

35
Q

b12 and folate deficiency which is corrected first

A

b12

otherwise there may be subacute combined degneration of the spinal cord

36
Q

what organ is enlarged in haemolytic anaemia and why

A

spleen

it becomes full of destroyed RBCs

37
Q

hereditary spherocytosis inheritance

A

autosomal dominant

38
Q

hereditary spherocytosis mx

A

folate supplementsation
blood transfusion
splenectomy

39
Q

G6PD deficiency inheritance

A

x linked recessive

40
Q

what medications trigger G6PD haemolytic crises

A

ciprofloxacin
sulfonylureas
sulfasalazine

41
Q

G6PD deficiency diagostic test

A

enzyme assay

42
Q

what is alloimmune haemolytic anaemia

A

due to foreign antibodies

43
Q

paroxsymal nocturnal haemoglobinuria pathophysiology

A

mutation occurs during lifetime (not inherited)

loss of proteins on surface of RBCs that inhibit the complement cascade, so its activated and RBCs are destroyed

44
Q

paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria mx

A

eculizimab

45
Q

thalassaemia inheritance

A

autosomal recessive

46
Q

what type of anaemia does thalassaemia result in

A

microcytic anamia

47
Q

beta thalassaemia minor/intermedia/major genes

A

minor= one faulty one normal
intermedia= two faulty or one faulty one deletion
major= two deletion

48
Q

thalassaemia major facial changes

A

frontal bossing (prominent forehead)
enlarged maxilla
depressed nasal bridge
protruding upper teeth

49
Q

sickle cell anaemia inheritance

A

autosomal recessive

50
Q

sickle cell anaemia what gene is affected

A

beta globin

51
Q

what prophylactic antibiotic is used in sickle cell anaemia

A

penicillin V

52
Q

what medication can be given in sickle cell anaemia to encourage HbF synthesis

A

hydroxycarbamide

53
Q

what leukaemia is associated with down syndrome

A

ALL

54
Q

richters transformation is associated with what leukaemia

A

CLL

55
Q

philadelphia chromosome is associated with what leukaemia

A

CML

56
Q

auer rods are associated with what leukaemia

A

AML

57
Q

transformation from a myeloproliferative disoder causes what leukaemia

A

AML

58
Q

petechiae, purpura and ecchymosis sizes

A

petechiae= <3mm
purpura= 3-10mm
ecchymosis= >1cm

59
Q

suspected leukaemia what icx should be done and in what timframe

A

FBC within 48 hrs
immediate specialist assessment if child

60
Q

what cells are seen on film in CLL

A

smudge or smear cells

61
Q

CML disease course

A

3 phases
chronic
blast
accelerated

62
Q

philadelphia chromosome

A

associated with CML

translocation between chromosome 9 and 22 created BCRABL1 gene

this codes for abnormal tyrosine kinase

63
Q

electrolyte abnormalities in tumor lysis syndrome

A

high uric acid
high potassium
high phosphate
low calcium

Zero to finals (12 decks)

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