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Zero to finals > Endo 2 > Flashcards

Endo 2 Flashcards

1
Q

normal blood glucose concentration

A

4.4-6.1

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2
Q

criteria for diagnosis of DKA

A

glucose >11
ketones >3
ph <7.3

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3
Q

how are fluids given in DKA

A

1 litre in first hour
then 1 litre every 2 hours

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4
Q

how is insulin given in DKA

A

fixed rate IV infusion at 0.1 units/kg/hr

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5
Q

when is a glucose infusion started in DKA

A

when glucose falls to <14 mmol/L

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6
Q

what is the normal maximum rate for insulin infusion

A

10 mmol/hour

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7
Q

macrovascular complications of diabetes

A

stroke
hypertension
CAD
peripheral ischaemia

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8
Q

microvascular complications of diabetes

A

peripheral neuropathy
retinopathy
kidney disease

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9
Q

what skin change is seen in type 2 diabetes

A

acanthosis nigricans- darkening and thickening of the skin at the neck axilla and groin

associated with insulin resistance

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10
Q

pre diabetes HbA1c

A

42-47 mmol/L

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11
Q

how often is HbA1c monitored in T2DM

A

every 3-6 months until stable

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12
Q

when are GLP-1 mimetics used in T2DM

A

when triple therapy fails and BMI>35

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13
Q

metformin moa

A

increases insulin sensitivity
decreases glucose production

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14
Q

main 2 side effects of SGLT-2 inhibitors

A

increased UTIs and thrush
DKA

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15
Q

SGLT-2 inhibitor moa

A

reduces glucose reabsorption in the kidney

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16
Q

pioglitazone moa

A

increases insulin sensitivity
decreases liver production of glucose

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17
Q

sulfonylurea moa

A

stimulate insulin release from pancreas

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18
Q

side effects of sulfonylureas

A

weight gain
hypoglycaemia

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19
Q

what is GLP-1 and what does it do

A

an incretin

they increase insulin release, inhibit glucagon production

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20
Q

what does DPP4 do

A

inhibit incretins like GLP-1

21
Q

side effects of DPP-4 inhibitors

A

headaches
acute pancreatitis

22
Q

rapid acting insulin lasts

A

4 hrs

23
Q

short acting insulin lasts

A

8 hours

24
Q

long acting insulin lasts

A

24 hrs or longer

25
Q

start ACEi in diabetic patients with CKD when their albumin:creatinine is

A

> 3 mg/mmol

26
Q

start SGLT-2 inhibitors in diabetic patients with CKD when their albumin:creatinine is

A

> 30 mg/mmoL

27
Q

what is used for gastroparesis in diabetes

A

domperidone
metoclopramide

28
Q

hyperosmolar hyperglycaemic state glucose level

A

> 33

29
Q

what pituitary disorder is carpal tunnel often associated with

A

acromegaly

30
Q

somatostatin analogue example

A

ocreotide

31
Q

dopamine agonist example

A

bromocriptine
cabergoline

32
Q

hypercalcaemia symptoms

A

bones
stones (kidney)
groans (abdo- nausea, vomiting, constipation)
moans (psychiatric- fatigue, depression, psychosis)

33
Q

management of tertiary hyperparathyroidism

A

parathyroidectomy

34
Q

what electrolyte does SIADH cause

A

euvolemic hyponatraemia

35
Q

urine osmolality in SIADH

A

high

36
Q

SIADH symptoms

A

headache
fatigue
muscle cramps
confusion

37
Q

what medications cause SIADH

A

SSRIs
carbemazepine

38
Q

causes of SIADH

A

small cell lung cancer
SSRIs
post op
lung infections
brain pathology (stroke, meningitis, head injury)
HIV

39
Q

SIADH mx

A

fluid restriction
vasopressin receptor antagonists (tolvaptan)

40
Q

what complication occurs if sodium is corrected too quickly

A

osmotic demyelination/central pontine demyelination

41
Q

how does tolvaptan work

A

blocks ADH receptors

42
Q

what type of diabetes insipidus does lithium cause

A

nephrogenic

43
Q

what test is used to diagnose diabetes insipidus

A

water deprivation test

44
Q

how is nephrogenic diabetes insipidus treated

A

thiazide diuretics

45
Q

how is adrenaline secreted by a phaeo

A

in bursts usually

46
Q

what are metanephrines

A

a breakdown product of adrenaline

47
Q

alpha blocker examples

A

phenoxybenzamine
doxazosin

48
Q
A

Zero to finals (11 decks)

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