Renal Flashcards

1
Q

rise in creatinine AKI definition

A

25 mml/L in 48 hrs
over 50% in 7 days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

rise in creatinine in past 48 hrs for diagnosis of AKI

A

25 microcol/L

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

rise in creatinine over past 7 days for diagnosis of AKI

A

over 50%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

urine output for diagnosis of AKI

A

less than 0.5ml/kg/hr over minimum 6 hrs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

renal causes of AKI

A

acute tubular necrosis
glomerulonpehritis
acute interstitial nephritis
haemolytic uraemic syndrome
rhabdomyolysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

pre renal causes of AKI

A

dehydration
shock eg sepsis, acute blood loss
heart failure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

most common renal intrinsic cause of AKI

A

acute tubular necrosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what cells are damaged in acute tubular necrosis

A

epithelial cells of renal tubules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

medications that cause AKI

A

NSAIDs
gentamicin
diuretics
ACEi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

how do ACEi affect the kidneys

A

they are reno protective

they are stopped in AKI as they reduce the filtration pressure, but are given to protect the kidneys in htn, diabetes, CKD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

complications of AKI

A

fluid overload- pulmonary oedema
hyperkalemia
metabolic acidosis
uraemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

how is proteinuria quantified

A

urine albumin:creatinine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

eGFR for diagosis of CKD

A

<60 ml/min for 3 months

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

urine albumin:creatinine for diagnosis of CKD

A

> 30 mg/mmol for 3 months

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what medications help slow the progression of CKD

A

ACEi
SGLT-2 inhibitors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what medication are all patients with CKD put on

A

atorvastatin 20 mg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what happens to phosphate in CKD

what advice is given

A

rises

low phosphate diet and phosphate binders

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what should be corrected before giving erythropoietin in CKD

A

iron deficiency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

describe what happens in renal bone disease

A

calcium is low as the kidneys cant metabolise vitamin D into calcitriol

this causes a rise in PTH and activates osteoclasts, so calcium can be released from bones

when this is done with inadequate calcium supply, osteomalacia occurs

osteosclerosis also occur as osteoblasts match osteoclast activity, but without sufficient calcium this leads to unmineralised bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

pneumonic for indications for dialysis

A

AEIOU

acidosis
electrolyte imbalance
intoxication
oedema
uraemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

how might long term haemodialysis be carried out

A

tunnelled cuffed catheter
ateriovenous fistula

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

where is a tunnelled cuff catheter inserted

A

subclavian or jugular vein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

how might you identify a ateriovenous fistula

A

aneurysm
palpable thrill
machinery murmur

24
Q

what is steal syndrome

A

when the portion of the lim distal to an AV fistula doesnt receive enough blood leading to ischaemia

25
what does peritoneal dialysis occur through
a tenckhoff catheter
26
2 types of dialysis
haemo peritoneal
27
most common AV fistula
radiocephalic
28
where is a donor kidney implanted
in the iliac fossa
29
what scar is seen in kidney transplant
hockey stick
30
tacrolimus side effect
tremor
31
cyclosporine side effect
gum hypertrophy
32
what is given after kidney transplant to prevent acute rejection
basiliximab
33
complications of immunosupression in kidney transplant
due to steroids: cushings diabetes NHL skin cancer tremor (tacrolimus) gum hypertrophy (cyclosporine)
34
nephritic syndrome features
heamaturia oliguria fluid retention
35
nephrotic syndrome triad
proteinuria hypoalbuminaemia oedema
36
what happens to cholesterol in nephrotic syndrome
rises
37
most common cause of nephrotic syndrome in children
minimal change disease
38
how is minimal change disease mx
steroids
39
causes of nephrotic syndrome
minimal change disease membranous glomerulonephropathy FSGS membranoprolifertive glomerulonephritis HSP
40
nephrotic syndrome inflammation occurs where
basement membrane
41
histology of IgA deposits and mesangial proliferation suggests
Bergers disease
42
other name for bergers disease
IgA nephropathy
43
histology of IgG and complement deposits on the basement membrane suggests
membranous nephropathy
44
histology of immune complex deposits and mesangial proliferation suggests
membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis
45
how long after infection does post strep glomerulonephritis occur
1-3 weeks
46
what is goodpastures syndrome
where there are anti glomerular basement membrane antibodies
47
goodpasture syndrome sx
acute kidney failure and haemoptysis
48
patient presents with AKI and haemoptysis how do you reach a diagnosis
test for autoantibodies anti GBM= goodpastures syndrome p-ANCA= microscopic polyangiitis c-ANCA= granulomatosis with polyangiitis
49
what are MPO antibodies
p ANCA
50
what are PR3 antibodies
c ANCA
51
p ANCA, AKI and haemoptysis diagnosis
microscopic polyangitis
52
c ANCA, AKI and haemoptysis diagnosis
granulomatosis with polyangiitis
53
54
what are microscopic polyangiitis and granulomatosis with polyangiitis
vasculitis they can present with AKI and haemoptysis the first is assoc w p ANCA the second is assoc w c ANCA
55
how are nephrotic/nephritic syndromes definetively diagnosed
kidney biopsy
56