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Module 8 theory > renal > Flashcards

renal Flashcards

1
Q

Which of the following statements is NOT a function of the Kidneys?

A

The kidneys return ammonia and urea to the blood stream

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2
Q

The kidneys are located in the ____________ space.

A

Retroperitoneal

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3
Q

Which of the following statements regarding the location of the kidneys is CORRECT?

A

The right kidney is lower due to the size of the liver

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4
Q

The entrance into the kidney is called the:

A

Renal hilum

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5
Q

The renal pyramids are located within the:

A

Renal Medulla

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6
Q

A renal lobe consists of the following:

A

Renal Cortex

Renal Medulla

Nephrons

All of the above**

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7
Q

There are three distinct layers of tissue that surround each kidney. Which of the following layers is considered to be the most superficial?

A

Renal Fascia

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8
Q

There are three distinct layers of tissue that surround each kidney. Which of the following statements correlates to the renal fascia?

A

Anchors the kidney to the surrounding structures and the abdominal wall

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9
Q

Which of the following pathways lists the CORRECT sequence of urine formation in the kidney?

A

Pyramidal nephron  minor calyx  major calyx  renal pelvis  ureter  bladder  urethra

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10
Q

The renal corpuscle is composed of a glomerulus and the______________:

A

Glomerular/Bowman’s capsule

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11
Q

Which section of the nephron comes directly after the ascending limb of the loop of Henle?

A

Distal convoluted tubule

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12
Q

Which of the following should NOT be found in the glomerular filtrate of healthy individuals?

A

Plasma protein

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13
Q

Which of the following cells forms pedicles that encircle the glomerular capillaries?

A

Podocytes

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14
Q

The ¬___________________ is prominent in the final part of the ascending limb of the loop of Henle, which makes contact with the afferent arteriole.

A

Macula densa

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15
Q

Which of the following cells have receptors for the Antidurietic Hormone that facilitates water reabsorption?

A

Principal cells

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16
Q

Which of the following CORRECTLY describes the function of podocytes?

A

Upon contraction, they close filtration slits thus reducing the GFR

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17
Q

Which of the following structures receives urine from the major calyx of the kidney?

A

The renal pelvis

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18
Q

Which of the following structures receives urine from the Renal Pyramid of the kidney?

A

ureter

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19
Q

Which of the following anatomical surfaces do the kidneys rest against?

A

Posterior abdominal wall

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20
Q

Which anatomical structure is considered to be the functional unit of a kidney?

A

Nephron

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21
Q

Which of the following regions contains the majority of the kidneys glomeruli?

A

Cortex

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22
Q

Tubular reabsorption occurs from the nephron tubules into the _________________.

A

Peritubular capillaries

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23
Q

Which section of the renal tubules does the Parathyroid hormone affect?

A

Distal Convoluted Tubule

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24
Q

The kidneys are abundantly supplied with blood vessels, which all come from the right and left renal arteries. Which of the following blood vessels enters the renal corpuscle first?

A

Afferent arterioles

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25
Q

The countercurrent multiplier mechanism occurs at which of the following structures?

A

Loop of Henle

26
Q

Which of the following renal functions is CORRECT with respect to the Parathyroid hormone?

A

Increases reabsorption of Ca2+

27
Q

Which of the following organs can release Atrial Naturiuretic Peptide (ANP) when normal blood volume and pressure becomes too great?

A

The heart

28
Q

Which of the following epithelial cell types is found in the inner most lining of the urinary bladder?

A

Transitional epithelium

29
Q

Which structure is final structure in the sequence of urine flow?

A

Urethra

30
Q

Glomerular Filtration depends on three main pressures. One pressure promotes filtration and two pressures oppose filtration. Which of the following statements is the CORRECT definition of the Glomerular blood hydrostatic pressure (GBHP)?

A

The pressure within the glomerular capillaries promotes filtration

31
Q

Calculate the Net Filtration Pressure given the following values: Glomerular Blood Hydrostatic Pressure:55 mmHg: Capsular Hydrostatic Pressure:15 mmHg Blood Osmotic Pressure:30 mmHg:

A

10 mmHg

32
Q

Autoregulation occurs within the kidneys themselves in order to help maintain constant renal blood flow and glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Which of the following types of regulation is responsible for decreasing glomerular filtration rates?

A

Tubularglomerular feedback & Myogenic mechanism

33
Q

Which of the following mechanisms occurs when stretching triggers contraction of smooth muscle cells in the walls of afferent arterioles?

A

Myogenic mechanism

34
Q

Which of the following structures is a small tube leading from the internal urethral sphincter to the exterior of the body?

A

Urethra

35
Q

Which of the following statements CORRECTLY identifies a function of the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) in the kidney?

A

The PCT reabsorbs nutrients like glucose, amino acid and vitamins

36
Q

Which of the following is the first step in urine formation?

A

The PCT reabsorbs nutrients like glucose, amino acid and vitamins

37
Q

Which of the following is the first step in urine formation?

A

Glomerular filtration

38
Q

Which of the following terms corresponds to the return of filtered plasma to the blood?

A

Tubular reabsorption

39
Q

Which of the following processes is NOT a function of the nephron?

A

Glomerular reabsorption

40
Q

Which of the following functions of the nephron and collecting tubules is responsible for eliminating wastes from the body and controlling blood pH?

A

Tubular secretion

41
Q

Which of the following statements identifies the CORRECT percentage of glomerular filtrate returned to the blood stream in the course of a day?

A

99% of the 150 -180 liters of fluid filtered in a day

42
Q

Which of the following statements is INCORRECT in the role of Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)?

A

Decrease reabsorption of water in the blood vessels

43
Q

Which of the following correctly identifies the pH range for blood?

A

7.35-7.45

44
Q

________________ forces water and most solutes in blood plasma across the selectively permeable walls of the glomerular capillaries.

A

Blood pressure

45
Q

A 3-year-old child has been rewarded with a hug because she is now completely toilet trained. Which muscle is the one that she has learned to control?

A

External sphincter muscle

46
Q

An increase in the carbon dioxide concentration in body fluids increases hydrogen ion concentration as well; therefore, the __________ in pH can make body fluids more __________.

A

Decrease; acidic

47
Q

Which of the following hormones enhances the reabsorption of Na+ and Cl- in the nephron?

A

Angiotensin II & Aldosterone

48
Q

Which of the following hormones is released from the adrenal cortex?

A

Aldosterone

49
Q

Under the influence of ADH, the kidneys can produce highly concentrated urine. Which of the following DOES NOT contribute to the production of concentrated urine by the kidneys?

A

Countercurrent flow through the descending and ascending limbs of the loop of Henle

Urea recycling that causes build-up of urea in the renal medulla

Build-up of Na+ and Cl- in the renal medulla through the thick ascending limbs of the loop of Henle

Correct Answer:
None of the above

50
Q

When dilute urine is being formed, the osmolarity of the fluid __________ as it goes down the descending loop of Henle, __________ as it goes up the ascending limb, and __________ as it flows through the rest of the nephron and collecting duct.

A

Increases; decreases; decreases

51
Q

Once in the nephron, glucose can only be reabsorbed into the blood through the ______________.

A

Proximal Convoluted Tubule

52
Q

An elevation of plasma bicarbonate (HCO3-) and an increase in blood pH produces:

A

Metabolic alkalosis

53
Q

Which of the following statements is INCORRECT with respect to Renal Cystic Disease?

A

Dilation of tubular structures is present with cyst formation

Cysts may be single or multiple with varying sizes

Although they may arise as developmental abnormalities, most forms are hereditary

Correct Answer
None of the above

54
Q

Which of the following pathologies corresponds to an increase in PCO2 and a decrease in plasma pH?

A

Respiratory acidosis

55
Q

Which of the following is the scientific term for infectious disorders of the lower urinary tract (ie. bladder infections)?

A

Cystisis

56
Q

Which of the following events can be potential cause of Urinary Obstruction?

A

Pregnancy

Kidney stones

Infection leading to scar tissue formation

57
Q

Which of the following molecules does NOT form a type of kidney stone?

A

Sodium

58
Q

Which of the following conditions is suspected if these symptoms develop: acute, intermittent and excruciating flank pain on the affected side; pain may radiate to lower abdominal quadrant and pelvic area; vomiting and nausea?

A

Kidney stones

59
Q

The washout phenomenon most accurately corresponds to the following statement:

A

Urine from the bladder normally washes bacteria out of the urethra

60
Q

Which of the following is INCORRECT with regards to Chronic Renal Failure?

A

Chronic renal failure is a reversible disease

61
Q

Which of the following body systems is affected by chronic renal failure?

A

All systems of the body are affected

Module 8 theory (17 decks)

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