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Module 8 theory > endocrine&reproductive > Flashcards

endocrine&reproductive Flashcards

1
Q

Chemical substances that are released in one part of the body but regulates the activity of cells in other parts of the body. This statement is a definition of:

A

Hormones

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2
Q

Sometimes prolonged excessive exposure to high concentrations of hormone in the blood causes a phenomenon known as:

A

Down-regulation

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3
Q

Which one of the following locations contains the receptors for water-soluble hormones?

A

On the cell plasma membrane

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4
Q

Several hormones are synthesized in the hypothalamus and eventually transported to the anterior pituitary gland. Which of the following systems is responsible for this transport mechanism from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary gland?

A

Hypophyseal portal system

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5
Q

Which type of hormone acts on neighbouring cells?

A

Paracrine hormones

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6
Q

Which of the following statement is correct with respect to the hypothalamus?

A

The hypothalamus is responsible for synthesizing at least nine different hormones

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7
Q

Which one of the following identifies the reason why the posterior pituitary gland is not actually considered an endocrine gland?

A

It is only a hormone storage area that receives hormones from the hypothalamus for release

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8
Q

There are several types of cells in the Pituitary Gland that are responsible for secreting hormones. Which Pituitary cell is INCORRECTLY matched with its respective hormone(s)?

A

Thyrotrophs – T3 and T4

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9
Q

Both FSH and LH are responsible for regulating activities in males and females. Which of the following statements is TRUE?

A

LH stimulates testes to produce testosterone

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10
Q

Which of the following hormones is considered the “female hormone” but is also found in men?

A

Estrogen

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11
Q

Which of the following outcomes does Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) prevent?

A

The output of large amounts of urine

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12
Q

Which of the following hormones directly initiates and maintains milk production by the mammary glands in females?

A

Prolactin

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13
Q

Regarding the functions of the posterior pituitary gland, which of the following statements is TRUE?

A

ADH regulates the body’s water balance

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14
Q

Which one of the following statements is TRUE in regards to oxytocin?

A

It is released in response to positive-feedback mechanism

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15
Q

The anterior pituitary gland secretes all of the following hormones EXCEPT:

A

Antidiuretic hormone

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16
Q

A man has been told that he is not synthesizing enough follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and for this reason he may not be able to father a child. Choose the correct statement that explains this problem.

A

FSH stimulates sperm production in the testes

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17
Q

If an individual’s blood content becomes increasing hyperglycemic, which of the following outcomes will occur?

A

Pancreatic beta cells will secrete insulin

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18
Q

Which of the following processes is controlled by Parathyroid hormone (PTH)?

A

Stimulates reabsorption of calcium from the kidneys

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19
Q

The thyroid gland is the only endocrine gland that stores its secretory product in large quantities. The hormones that get synthesized and secreted are T3 and T4. What is the significance of tyrosine during the process of thyroid hormone synthesis and secretion?

A

Tyrosine is a portion of the thyroglobin molecules that react with iodine molecules (I2)

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20
Q

In regards to the hormone aldosterone, which of the following statements is TRUE?

A

It functions to increase sodium reabsorption into the blood

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21
Q

Which one of the following conditions will occur after insulin overdose?

A

Hypoglycemia

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22
Q

Which of the following hormones is the active form of Vitamin D?

A

Calcitriol

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23
Q

Lowered blood pressure can cause the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone pathway to stimulate cells of the kidneys. Which of the following statements is CORRECT with respect to synthesis and function of angiotensin II?

A

Angiotensin II stimulates the contraction of smooth muscle in arterioles

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24
Q

Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding the thyroid gland?

A

T3 and T4 stimulate the secretion of TSH from the anterior pituitary gland

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25
Q

Glucocorticoids are responsible for regulating metabolism and resistance to stress. Which of the following statements corresponds to these hormones?

A

Inhibiting white blood cells that participate in inflammatory responses

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26
Q

Which of the following is TRUE about calcium homeostasis?

A

Increased PTH will lead to increased calcium concentrations in the blood

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27
Q

When it becomes necessary to enlist the flight-or-flight, sympathetic response, which of the following hormones is being released during these situations?

A

Epinephrine

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28
Q

Mineralocorticoid is to aldosterone as glucocorticoid is to _______________:

A

Cortisol

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29
Q

Androgens are found in both males and females and it is secreted from the adrenal cortex. Which of the following statements is INCORRECT with respect to androgen secretion by the adrenal gland?

A

Androgens secreted by males is usually significantly high

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30
Q

Insulin is a small protein hormone and synthesized by pancreatic cells. This hormone is released under which of the following conditions?

A

When blood glucose levels rise

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31
Q

Which one of the following hormones increases blood glucose levels?

A

Glucagon

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32
Q

Which of the following is FALSE with respect to the action of thyroid hormones?

A

Decreases basal metabolic rate

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33
Q

Glucocortocoids allow the body to deal appropriately with stress. They accomplish this by which of the following mechanisms?

A

Increasing blood glucose, fatty acid, and amino acid levels and enhancing blood pressure

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34
Q

Which one of the following hormones regulates Potassium and Sodium concentrations?

A

Aldosterone

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35
Q

Which of the following would lead to a decrease in blood pressure?

A

Vasodilation

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36
Q

All of the following mechanisms will cause an increase in blood pressure EXCEPT for:

A

Increased amounts of Atrial Natriuretic Peptide

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37
Q

Compared to the nervous system, responses of the endocrine system:

A

Produces effects which last longer

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38
Q

The form of circulatory shock known as hypovolemic shock is:

A

Shock that results from large-scale loss of blood volume, or after severe vomiting or diarrhea

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39
Q

Which of the following types of shock is caused by overwhelming infection leading to vasodilation?

A

Septic shock

40
Q

Which of the following is NOT considered a sign of shock?

A

Decreased levels of epinephrine

41
Q

What is the correct definition of a Baroreceptor:

A

Monitor pressure changes and stretch in blood vessel walls

42
Q

Which one of the following pancreatic cells releases insulin?

A

Beta cells

43
Q

Which one of the following processes does the hormone epinephrine control in the body?

A

Sympathetic response

44
Q

Which one of the following statements identifies the function of Calcitonin?

A

It lowers blood calcium

45
Q

Which one of the following structures supports the testis in the male reproductive system?

A

Scrotum

46
Q

Which one of the following muscles of the scrotum is continuous with the internal oblique and attaches to the pubic bone?

A

Cremaster muscle

47
Q

Which of the following statements is INCORRECT with regards to the testes in the male reproductive system?

A

The testes descend around the inguinal canals in order to allow the passage of structures after development

48
Q

Which of the following muscles will wrinkle the surface of the scrotum upon contraction, reducing the surface area for heat loss?

A

Dartos muscle

49
Q

In which area of the male reproductive system is the site of spermatogenesis?

A

Seminiferious tubules

50
Q

Which of the following male reproductive cells is responsible in undergoing mitotic cellular division?

A

Spermatogonia

51
Q

Which of the following male reproductive cells contains a hapoid (n) number of chromosomes?

A

Spermatozoon & Spermatogonia

52
Q

Which one of the following cells produces testosterone?

A

Leydig cells

53
Q

Is it CORRECT to state that LH and FSH can both contribute to sperm formation?

A

Yes, both LH and FSH can contribute to spermatogenesis by stimulating different cells

54
Q

The seminal vesicles are responsible for secreting various substances that eventually combines with sperm. Which of the following substances is responsible for stimulating uterine contractions in the female reproductive system?

A

Prostaglandins

55
Q

Which one of the following structures does the ejaculatory duct drain into?

A

The Urethra

56
Q

Which of the following ligaments anchors the ovaries to the uterus?

A

Ovarian ligament

57
Q

Which of the following female reproductive structures transports the secondary oocytes and the fertilized ova to the uterus?

A

Fallopian tubes

58
Q

The fallopian tubes in the female reproductive system consist of three distinct regions. In which region is fertilization most likely to occur?

A

Ampulla

59
Q

Which of the following structures of the external female genitalia consists of erectile tissue and numerous blood vessels?

A

Clitoris

60
Q

Which of the following female reproductive cells contains a diploid (2n) number of chromosomes?

A

Primary oocyte

61
Q

Which one of the following statements CORRECTLY lists the average menstrual cycle and ovulation?

A

Menstruation is 28 days long with ovulation occurring on day 14

62
Q

Which one of the following hormones is responsible for causing ovulation?

A

LH

63
Q

Which one of the following hormones stimulates the breasts to undergo milk ejaculation?

A

Oxytocin

64
Q

Which one of the following hormonal triggers starts menstruation?

A

Blood levels of estrogen and progesterone decrease rapidly

65
Q

Which one of the following structures forms in the ovary after ovulation at the site of the ruptured follicle?

A

Corpus luteum

66
Q

Which one of the following groups of organs is the uterus between?

A

The urinary bladder and the rectum

67
Q

In which one of the following tissues does a fertilized ovum implant?

A

Endometrium

68
Q

In the first week of development, a blastocyst is formed through the development of a morula. Which of the following IS NOT a distinct cell population at this stage of development?

A

Endoblast

69
Q

In the first week of development, fertilization occurs approximately 7 hours after ejaculation. During this time, a process referred to as capacitation occurs. Which of the following events occurs during capacitation?

A

Functional changes causes the sperm tail to move rapidly in order to fuse with the oocyte

70
Q

In the first week of development, which of the following events occur in the implantation stage of embryonic development?

A

As the blastocyst implants to the uterus, the inner cell mass migrates towards the endometrium

71
Q

During the 2nd week of development, the formation of the chorion is an important stage towards fetal growth. Which of the following statements DOES NOT apply to the chorion?

A

Responsible for elongating the embryo and forming the primitative streak

72
Q

During the development of the intraembryonic coleom, the cells differentiate into the Somatic and Splanchnic mesoderm. Which of the following structures arises from somatic mesoderm?

A

Bone

73
Q

The connection between the embryo and placenta is possible due to the presence of an umbilical cord. Which blood vessel carries deoxygenated fetal blood to the placenta?

A

Umbilical arteries

74
Q

What influences C-shape folding in a developing embryo?

A

Growth and development of body structures occurring at different rates

75
Q

The presence of this hormone in maternal urine or blood is an indicator of pregnancy:

A

hCG

76
Q

Which one of the following sets of events is the CORRECT trigger for labor and delivery and allows its progression?

A

Increase in oxytocin and an increase in estrogen

77
Q

Which of the following male congential and acquired disorders corresponds to this statement: A condition where the opening of the urethra is located on the dorsal surface of the penis?

A

Epispadias

78
Q

Which one of the following processes is the cause of testicular torsion?

A

Twisting of the spermatic cord that suspends the testis and spermatic vessels

79
Q

Which one of the following terms describes inflammation of the testis?

A

Orchitis

80
Q

Which one of the following statements regarding Epididymitis is FALSE?

A

The etiology of this condition is a chronically elevated testosterone and estrogen levels

81
Q

What is the prognosis for males with early diagnosis of testicular cancer?

A

90 % cure rate and excellent prognosis

82
Q

Which one of the following statements regarding prostate cancer is TRUE?

A

Diets high in fat and altered sex hormone production can increase the risk of prostate cancer

83
Q

Which one of the following yearly screening test is critical in early diagnosis of prostate cancer?

A

The PSA blood test

84
Q

Which one of the following STD’s is the etiology of cervical cancer?

A

HPV

85
Q

Which one of the following describes Endometriosis?

A

Endometrial tissue found in the pelvic cavity

86
Q

Which one of the following conditions is described as inflammation of the uterus and fallopian tubes?

A

Pelvic inflammatory disease

87
Q

Which one of the following statements is the reason for an Ectopic pregnancy being a leading cause of maternal death?

A

Fallopian tubes rupture causing intra-abdominal hemorrhage

88
Q

Which one of the following terms corresponds to excessive menstruations?

A

Menorrhagia

89
Q

Which one of the following statements defines dysmenorrhea?

A

Pain or discomfort with menstruation

90
Q

Which one of the following conditions is indicated by symptoms of: swollen breasts, bloating, abdominal pain, headache, depression, irritability, anxiety and clumsiness?

A

Premenstrual Syndrome

91
Q

Which one of the following conditions is defined as inflammation of the breast?

A

Mastitis

92
Q

Which one of the following statements regarding infertility is TRUE?

A

A couples infertility is equally divided into 30% male factors, 30% female factors, and 30% combined factors

93
Q

Which one of the following factors predisposes women to the formation of pelvic inflammatory disease?

A

Women with multiple sexual partners

94
Q

Which one of the following symptoms is the primary manifestation of Ovarian Cancer?

A

Gastrointestinal discomfort and bloating following eating

95
Q

Which one of the following terms describes a normal menstrual cycles and flow?

A

Menorrhea

96
Q

Which one of the following manifestations is NOT associated with Amenorrhea?

A

Heavy periods in pre-menopausal women

97
Q

Which one of the following statements regarding Fibrocystic Disease is FALSE?

A

It is a precancerous lesion and needs radiation therapy

Module 8 theory (17 decks)

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