Neurophysiology Flashcards
Which one of the following connective tissue sheaths surrounds entire nerve?
Epineurium
Which one of the following components is included in the Peripheral Nervous System?
12 pair of cranial nerves and 31 pair of spinal nerves
What is the function of the enteric plexus?
It regulates the digestive system
is the CNS a subdivision of the PNS?
no
What divisions or branches makes up the motor portion of the Autonomic Nervous System?
Sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions
Which one of the following functions regarding the function of the Nervous System is TRUE?
Motor neurons carry information from the brain toward the spinal cord
what cell is responsible for forming myelin in the Central Nervous System?
Oligodendrocytes
Which one of the following statements regarding the structure of a neuron is TRUE?
An action potential is an electrical signal traveling along the nerve due to movement of ions
What cell is a neuroglia in the Peripheral Nervous System?
Schwann cells
Which one of the following structures is defined as: a gap in the neurolemma of myelinated cells?
Nodes of Ranvier
Which one of the following channels opens in response to a change in the membrane potential?
Voltage-gated channel
Which one of the following phases begins as a negative membrane potential that becomes less negative, reaches zero, then becoming positive again thereby opening voltage-gated Na+ channels?
Depolarization Phase
Which one of the following statements regarding a chemical synapse is TRUE?
A chemical synapse receives an electrical signal converts into a chemical one then back to an electrical signal
what neurotransmitter functions at the neuromuscular junction?
Acetylcholine
Which one of the following parts of the brain is the main relay center for conducting information between the spinal cord and the cerebrum?
Thalamus
Which one of the following structures divides the cerebrum into the right and left hemisphere?
Longitudinal fissure
Which one of the following areas is found in the occipital lobe?
Primary visual cortex
Which one of the following landmarks is used to distinguish the temporal lobe from the frontal and parietal lobes?
Lateral fissure
Which one of the following structures contains the cardio-vascular center, which regulates the rate and force of the heartbeat?
Medulla oblongata
Which one of the following statements regarding the function of the cerebellum is FALSE?
It is important for conscious proprioception
Which one of the following nerve roots are part of the cervical enlargement?
C4 – T1
Which one of the following vertebral levels does the adult spinal cord extends to?
L1 –L2
Which one of the following structures surrounds the Diencephalon?
Third ventricle
Which one of the following structures is the pia mater which extends from the conus medullaris to anchor the spinal cord to the coccyx?
Filum terminale
Which one of the following events would occur in the brain if a pot of caffeinated coffee was consumed to study for this exam?
Caffeine would block A1 receptors in the RAS
Which one of the following statements is NOT a function of the Cerebrospinal Fluid?
It replenishes blood when the plasma is dehydrated
Which one of the following structures does the neural tube ultimately form?
Central nervous system
Which one of the following statements concerning spinal nerves is TRUE?
Posterior and anterior roots unite to form a spinal nerve
Which one of the following parts of your memory and brain are being used if you can recall material studied 7 nights ago?
Long term memory in the cerebral cortex
Which one of the following areas of the brain is responsible for sensing the emotion of pain, pleasure, affection and anger?
Limbic System
Which one of the following functions of Astrocytes is FALSE?
They are critical phagocytes destroying microbes and damaged nervous tissue
what structure in a nerve cell is responsible for storing the neurotransmitter?
Synaptic vesicle
What event occurs to remove acetylcholine from the synaptic cleft?
Acetylcholinesterase breaks down acetylcholine and the 2 portions then reabsorbed
Which one of the following ions is responsible triggering exocytosis of the synaptic vesicle with in the pre-synaptic neuron during signal transmission in the nervous system?
Ca++
Which one of the following terms is defined as: a build up of neurotransmitter released simultaneously by several pre-synaptic end bulbs to create threshold and ultimately generate an action potential?
Spatial summation
Which one of the following statements describes why the resting membrane potential in nerve cells is negatively charged?
There are a high number of anion phosphates and proteins in the cytosol
Which one of the following events occurs during the Repolarization Phase to return the nerve cell to a -70mV resting membrane potential?
An outflow of K+ ions
Which one of the following structures of the brain is part of the brain stem?
Pons
Which one of the following statements describes the function of the blood-brain barrier?
It protects the brain cells from harmful substances and pathogens found in the blood stream
Which one of the following plexus lays anteromedial to leavator scapula and middle scalene then deep to SCM muscle?
Cervical Plexus
Which one of the following structures is responsible for reabsorbing the Cerebrospinal fluid into the blood stream?
The arachnoid villi
Which one of the following structures is housed in the pyramids of the medulla?
Corticospinal tracts
Which one of the following structures contains the pneumotaxic area and apneustic area of respiration?
The Pons
Which one of the following structures is responsible for relaying motor output from the cerebral cortex to the pons and sensory input from the spinal cord to the thalamus?
Midbrain
Which one of the following statements identifies the function of the neuropeptides, endorphins, and dynorphins?
They are the bodies natural painkillers
Which one of the following nerve roots forms the cervical plexus?
The anterior rami of spinal nerves C1-C4 or 5
Which one of the following nerve roots forms the Intercostal plexus?
The intercostal nerves do not form a plexus they innervate the tissue directly
Which one of the following structures is NOT innervated by the cervical plexus?
Subclavian muscle
Which one of the following structures in the brain monitors chemical changes in the blood as it does not have a blood-brain barrier?
The Circumventricular organs
Which one of the following areas of the brain provides control of the sleep wake cycles?
Reticular activating system
Which one of the following cranial nerves is known as Cranial Nerve 4?
Trochlear
Which one of the following areas of the brain localizes pain and temperature sensations?
Thalamus
Which one of the following cranial nerves provides parasympathetic innervation to the parotid gland?
Cranial nerve 9
Which one of the following cranial nerves innervates the eyeball causing abduction?
Abducens
Which one of the following structures is the scientific term for the ‘white of the eye’?
Sclera
When sound waves enter the external auditory canal, it causes the vibration of certain structures in sequence. From the lists provided, select the ONE sequence that is correct.
Tympanic membrane malleous incus stapes oval window
Which structure of the inner ear is responsible for the sense of hearing?
Cochlea
Which of the following CORRECTLY identifies the boundaries for the middle ear?
Tympanic membrane and oval window
Which one of the following structures stimulates the hair cells of the Organ of Corti in the ear?
Tectorial membrane
Which one of the following structures is the receptor which responds to rotational movements of the head?
Cristae
Which one of the following areas of the eye is known as the ‘blind spot’?
Optic disc
Which one of the following structures contains blood vessels that a doctor can view directly?
Retina
Which one of the following areas of the eye has the highest concentration of cones?
Fovea centralis
Which one of the following terms is the scientific name for pain receptors?
Nociceptors
Which one of the following receptors detects vibration or pressure?
Mechanoreceptors
Which one of the following receptors is NOT an example of a proprioceptor?
Meissner corpuscle
Which one of the following structures monitor change in the length of a skeletal muscle ultimately creating muscle tone?
Muscle spindle
Which one of the following pathways contains sets of 3 neurons, first order, second order and third order that relay information from the somatic receptors to the brain?
Somatic sensory pathway
Which one of the following statements regarding the ANS is TRUE?
The ANS is part of the Peripheral Nervous System
Which one of the following statements is a function of the Parasympathetic Nervous System?
The responses include salivation, urination and digestion
Which one of the following statements regarding the Autonomic Nervous System is FALSE?
Only a few tissues in the body can respond to sympathetic stimulation
Which one of the following neurons conducts impulses from somatic receptors into the brain stem or spinal cord?
First order neurons
Which one of the following cranial nerves is implicated in Trigeminal neuralgia?
Cn 5
Which one of the following cranial nerves has been damaged if a person experiences vertigo and tinnitus?
Cn 8
Which one of the following cervical nerve levels unite to form the phrenic nerve which innervates the diaphragm?
C 3, 4, 5
Which one of the following nerves gives rise to the sural nerve?
Common fibular nerve
Which one of the following nerves supplies the posterior compartment of the leg?
Tibial nerve
Which one of the following nerves supplies the anterior muscles of the leg and dorsum of the foot?
Deep fibular nerve
Which one of the following nerves is formed by the lumbar plexus posterior division of root L2, L3 & L4?
Femoral
Which one of the following nerve roots makes up the axillary nerve?
C5 and C6
Which one of the following dermatomes supplies a portion of the gluteals, the posterior aspect of the thigh and leg?
S2
Which one of the following dermatomes receives sensory supply from the skin across the nipple line?
T4
Which one of the following nerves supplies the supinator muscle?
radial
Which one of the following nerves supplies teres minor muscle?
Axillary
Which one of the following muscles is NOT innervated by Musculocutaneous nerve?
Pectoralis minor
Which one of the following nerves innervates the Trapezius muscle?
Cn XI
Which of the following statements regarding nicotinic cholinergic receptors is FALSE?
They are activated by muscarine
Which one of the following nerves gives rise to the saphenous nerve?
Femoral nerve
Which one of the following statements regarding the sciatic nerve is FALSE?
It passes through the lesser sciatic notch
Which one of the following nerves supplies the quadriceps group of muscles?
Femoral nerve
Which one of the following reflexes is triggered if the effector in the reflex arc is a skeletal muscle?
Spinal reflex
Which one of the following nerves supplies the piriformis muscle?
S1, S2
Which one of the following statements regarding the structures supplied directly by the Lumbar Plexus is FALSE?
It supplies the muscles in the posterior thigh
Which one of the following receptors detects light?
Photoreceptors
Which one of the following terms is defined as: area of skin supplied by a single nerve root?
Dermatome
Which one of the following combination of cranial nerves has a somatic sensory component?
1, 2, 7, 8
Which part of the brain is responsible for the emotional responses to odours?
Limbic system
Which one of the following cranial nerves pairs carries the sensation of taste?
7 and 9
Which cranial nerve carries the sensation of taste on the posterior third of the tongue?
Glossopharangeal
Regarding the pathway of light, which of the following lists identifies the CORRECT structures in sequence in which light will enter the eyes?
Cornea pupil lens retina
If someone is having auditory hallucinations, what cranial nerve would you suspect is affected?
Vestibulocochlear
Which one of the following neurotransmitters is released by the sweat glands stimulated by the postganglionic sympathetic nerves?
Acetylcholine
Which one of the following muscles is innervated by Cranial Nerve 7?
Buccinator
Which one of the following cranial nerves innervates the sternocleidomastoid muscle?
XI
Which of the following structures is innervated by the obturator nerve?
Adductor magnus
Which one of the following sympathetic divisions of the ANS serves the glands of the cranium and face?
Superior cervical ganglion
Which of the following is the reason why we usually are not consciously aware of autonomic functions of the body?
There is direct innervation from the brain stem and spinal cord
Which of the following is an example of a sympathetic response?
Dilation of the pupils
Which one of the following statements regarding the pathway of the brachial plexus is TRUE?
It runs between the 1st rib and the clavicle
