A&P Flashcards
Which of the following is the definition of Pathophysiology?
The functional changes associated with disease and aging
Which category of anatomy is best defined as: “Structures that can be examined without a microscope:”
Gross anatomy
What is the smallest living unit in the human body?
A cell
Which of the following in NOT one of the six Basic Life Processes?
Sleeping
Which of the following is defined as a cycle of events that monitor, evaluate and change a condition in the body?
A feedback system
Which of the following is the definition of homeostasis?
Balance with in the body’s internal environment
Which of the following is NOT one of the eleven systems of the body:
Chemical system
Which of the following describes an ionic bond?
The bonding of two ions with opposite charges
Which of the following is NOT found in the structure of an atom?
Ion
Which of the following defines a free radical?
An unstable charged atom that is highly reactive and destructive
Reactions in the body when 2 or more molecules combine to form new and larger molecules are called:
Anabolic reactions
A solutions acidity or alkalinity is expressed on the pH scale. Which statement regarding the pH scale is FALSE?
A solution that has more H+ than OH- is a alkaline solution and has a pH above 7
Which of the following properties makes organic molecules unique?
They contain carbon
What property makes water an excellent or “universal” solvent?
It is a polar molecule
Which of the following is an example of a carbohydrate?
Glycogen
What term describes a protein that has lost its shape and is therefore no longer functional?
Denatured
Which of the following lipids in the body is used for protection, insulation & energy storage?
Triglyceride
Which of the following molecules contain our genetic material?
DNA
Which of the following molecules can be split to release our bodies’ energy?
ATP
Which structure is responsible for forming a sugary outer coat on the cell membrane that enables cells to recognize one another?
Glycocalyx
Which of the following is NOT a function of the proteins found in a cell membrane?
They form an amphipathic bilayer
Which organelle is considered the “powerhouse” of the cell?
Mitochondria
Which organelle is the specific site of Translation in the protein synthesis process?
Ribosome
What term describes water moving from a higher concentration to a lower concentration through a selectively permeable membrane?
Osmosis
Putting a cell in which type of solution will cause lysis of the cell?
Hypotonic solution
What term describes the requirement of energy to move solutes across the membrane against a concentration gradient?
Active transport
Which of the following is the function of Na+/K+ ATPase?
To transport 3 Na+ out of the cell and 2 K+ into the cell
Phagocytosis is an example of which type of Transport?
Endocytosis
How many chromosomes are found in every human somatic cell?
46
Which of the following describes the process of a gene’s DNA being used as a template for synthesizing a specific protein?
Gene expression
What is the function of mRNA?
To direct the synthesis of a protein
The following is a particular sequence of codon on mRNA: ACU. What is the corresponding anti-codon for the tRNA?
UGA
What organelle is the site of DNA Transcription?
Nucleus
What is the function of the process of Translation?
To produce our bodies proteins
What is the purpose of crossing-over during the stage of Meiosis I?
To exchange genes between chromatids resulting in genetic variation
In which of the following processes does a contractile ring form a cleavage furrow around the center of the cell?
Cytokinesis
Which phase of Interphase is when the DNA replicates?
S Phase
Which phase of Mitosis do the centrosomes of the chromatid pairs line up at the “equator” by the microtubules of the mitotic spindle?
Metaphase
Which of the following is NOT one of the four basic classes of tissue types in the human body?
Blood
Which of the following embryonic layers forms adult muscle tissue?
Mesoderm
Which of the following cell junctions allow cellular communication and the movement of electrical impulses between cells?
Gap junctions
The classification of epithelial tissues where the cell nuclei lie at different levels and all cells do not reach the apical surface but all are resting on the basement membrane.
Pseudostratified
Which of the following is NOT a function of the epithelial tissue?
They have the ability to respond to stimuli by producing electrical signals
Which of the following arrangements of cells is found in areas of absorption or secretion?
Simple cuboidal epithelium
What is the function of cilia on epithelial tissue?
Movement of mucous
Where would you find Transitional epithelial tissue that allows for necessary stretching while maintaining the structures protective lining?
Urinary bladder
Which of the following glands have secretions produced by rupture of the plasma membrane?
Holocrine
Of the four tissue classifications which is considered the most abundant in the body?
Connective tissue
What is the function of mast cells in connective tissue?
To produce histamine to dilate small blood vessels during inflammation
What are the two major components of the connective tissue extracellular matrix that give each connective tissue unique properties?
Ground Substance and Fibers
Which of the following types of fibers are strong, resist pulling forces but are not stiff and allows for tissue flexibility?
Collagen
What is the function of dense regular connective tissue?
Provide strong attachment between structures
Of the following tissues which is not a type of muscle tissue?
Neuron
Which type of Connective Tissue is made up of chondrocytes that are scattered among bundles of collagen fibers within the extracellular matrix, lacks a perichondrium and found in the intervertebral discs?
Fibro Cartilage
Reticular, Areolar and Adipose are types of which tissue?
Loose Connective Tissue
Which of the following defines angiogenesis?
The growth of new blood vessels
Which of the following refers to the branching of arteries to provide a redundant supply of blood to the tissues?
Anastomoses
Which type of capillary is most abundant and found in the brain, lungs, skeletal muscle, smooth muscle and connective tissue?
Continuous
In which of the following does gas exchange occur?
Capillaries
Which of the following describes the structure of a lymph node?
A bean shaped structure that contains phagocytes, macrophages and numerous afferent vessels
Which lymphatic trunk drains from lower limbs, pelvis, kidneys and abdominal wall?
Lumbar
Which of the following is responsible for carrying oxygen to the tissues?
Red Blood Cell
Which of the following is a function of platelets?
Prevent blood loss and act in clotting
Which white blood cell functions to mediate immune responses, including antigen-antibody reactions:
Lymphocytes
Which of the following statements regarding Arteries and Veins is TRUE?
Average blood pressure in veins is lower than in arteries
Which one of the following tissue layers stores fats and contains large blood vessels that supply the skin?
Subcutaneous Layer
Which one of the following cell types forms 90% of the epidermal layer of skin?
Keratinocytes
Which one of the following layers of the epidermis is shed daily and forms calluses?
Stratum corneum
Which one of the following is NOT a function of the Integumentary system?
Synthesis of Vitamin A
Which one of the following features describes an Eccrine sweat gland?
They regulate body temperature and waste removal.
Which one of the following statements describes a positive feedback system?
The output strengthens or reinforces the change in the body.
Which process results in the building of new proteins from digested amino acids?
Anabolism
Which one of the following organelles is responsible for protein synthesis?
Ribosome
Which one of the following types of connective tissue contains tightly packed collagen fibers that accept stress from multiple directions as found in the skin and pericardium?
Dense irregular connective tissue
Which of the following describes an ionic bond?
The bonding of two ions with opposite charges
Which one of the following is NOT a function of the nucleus?
It produces cellular energy in the form of ATP
Which of the following statements regarding cell membranes is FALSE?
Cell membranes are composed primarily of cholesterol.
Which one of the following structures is responsible for the separation of chromatids to opposite poles of the cell during mitosis?
Mitotic spindle
What is the name given to the molecular transporter that utilizes energy, Na+ and K+ molecules?
Primary active transport
Which one of the following organic compounds contain carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen and oxygen and form quaternary structures?
Proteins
Which one of the following organic compounds contains a pentose sugar, a phosphate group and 4 nitrogenous bases?
DNA
Which one of the following structures functions as a molecular signature that enables cells to recognize one another?
Glycocalyx
How many chromosomes are found in every human gamete?
23
Which one of the following defines homeostasis?
The body’s way of maintaining equilibrium
Which of the following glands has its secretions produced within the cell followed by the bursting of the plasma membrane thus releasing its cellular contents?
Holocrine
Which of the following tissue types is the only contractile tissue in the body?
Muscular
What kind of bone is the patella?
Sesamoid
Which of the following is a characteristic of all synovial joints?
they are considered freely moveable
Which one of the following formations of bone describes a passage through a bone?
Foramen
Which one of the following joint structures consists of dense regular connective tissue that attaches to the periosteum of the articulating bone?
Outer fibrous membrane
The flexibility of bone depends on the presence of what substance?
Collagen fibres
Which one of the following is NOT considered a function of bone and the skeletal system??
Producing movement
Which of the following muscle tissues is found in the skin, organs & vessels of the body?
Smooth muscle
Which one of the following will NOT result from a skeletal muscle contraction?
Storing and transporting substances
Which property of muscle tissue is defined as the ability of muscular tissue to return to its original length and shape after contraction?
Elasticity
Which of the following statements regarding the structure of skeletal muscle is FALSE?
A fascicle is surrounded by the sarcolemma
Which one of the following structures forms a tendon?
Extensions of deep fascial connective tissue that surround the muscle and fibers
Which one of the following skeletal muscle describes the TransverseTubules?
Thousands of tiny invaginations of the sarcolemma that tunnel in from the surface towards the center of each muscle fiber
Which skeletal muscle structures stores Calcium ions for muscle contraction?
The sarcoplasmic reticulum
Which one of the following structures is the functional unit of the myofibril?
The sarcomere
Which one of the following proteins forms the thick filament in a sarcomere?
Myosin
Which one of the following proteins holds tropomyosin in place over the myosin binding sites?
Troponin
Which structure runs vertically along the center of the sarcomere?
M Line
Where does ATP bind to the sarcomere during contraction?
The myosin head
Which one of the following statements regarding the sliding filament theory is FALSE?
The cross-bridges are formed by the attachment of Titan and Actin
Which one of the following events triggers calcium (Ca+) release channels to open during excitation of a muscle fiber allowing Ca+ to flood around the sarcomere?
The propagation of a muscle action potential along the sarcolemma
Which one of the following is NOT a function of ATP in muscle contraction?
ATP is hydrolyzed into AMP creating energy for the action potential
Which one of the following structures does NOT form part of the Neuromuscular Junction?
Actin Myosin Filaments
What is the function of acetylcholine within the neuromuscular junction?
To bind to receptors that open sodium channels on the motor end plate
Which one of the following processes does NOT produce ATP?
The formation of acetylcholine
During prolonged activity, which process do muscle cells utilize to make ATP?
Aerobic cellular respiration
Which one of the following molecules is found only in muscle tissue and supplies oxygen for ATP production?
Myoglobin
Which one of the following terms is defined as: Sustained contractions of a muscle fiber due to rapidly repeating stimulation with no period of relaxation?
Fused Tetanus
Which one of the following terms is defined as: The somatic motor neuron and all the skeletal muscle fibers it stimulates?
A motor unit
Which one of the following is a characteristic of Fast Oxidative-glycolytic muscle fibers?
They have moderately high resistance to fatigue so they function during moderate activity like walking
When comparing cardiac and skeletal muscle, which one of the following characteristics is common to both types of muscle tissue?
The muscle fibers are arrange in zones, dark and light bands and Z discs
Which one of the following statements describes cardiac muscle tissue?
The cylindrical fibers are branched and attach at the ends via intercalated discs
What is the function of a pericyte in muscle tissue?
Pericytes are stem cells found in blood capillaries that can regenerate smooth muscle tissue
Which embryological layer forms muscle?
Mesoderm
Which one of the following events is responsible for sustained tone in smooth muscle?
The slow removal of calcium from the cytosol
What is the name of the fatigue in which a person has feelings of tiredness and the desire to stop activity?
Central
Which one of the following functional classifications describes a pivot joint?
Monoaxial
How is a joint classified when it permits movement around 1 axis?
The joint is monoaxial
Which movements are permitted in a biaxial joint?
Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction and circumduction
What is the function of a bursa?
To form a closed sac that prevents friction between soft tissues that meet such as between skin and bone or bone and tendon
Which one of the following receptors detects awareness of movement and position of body parts?
Proprioceptor
Which one of the following statements describes the nature of Compact Boney Tissue?
This bone tissue contains osteons or haversian systems
Which one of the following boney structures is the region from which bones grow in length?
Epiphyseal plate
Which one of the following boney structures is defined as: A sheath of dense irregular connective tissue surrounding the shaft and is responsible for lateral growth, protection, repairing fractures and nourishing the bone tissue?
Periosteum
Which bone cell is unable to divide but is a mature cell that maintains daily metabolism of bone?
Osteocyte
Which bone cell is found in the endosteum and has deep folds in its membrane to increase the surface area for the production of lysosomal enzymes?
Osteoclasts
Which statement regarding Intramembranous Ossification is FALSE?
All long bones form directly in the mesenchyme through this method
Which statement regarding Endochondral Ossification is FALSE?
Bone tissue is replaced by cartilage
vWhich one of the following statements regarding bone is TRUE?
Hydroxyapatite is mineral salts that crystals in bone creating the hardness of bone
Which term describes a partial break occurring in children due to the flexible nature of the bone?
Greenstick fracture
Which one of the following defines a compound fracture?
A fracture that results in the bone protruding from the skin
Which one of the following is the first stage of bone healing?
Hematoma formation
Which one of the following stages of bone healing sees procallus formation?
Fibrocartilaginous callus Formation
What direction does new bone form during the remodeling phase?
Along the lines of stress
Which one of the following is NOT a factor in the healing of bone after a fracture?
Presence of microbe or foreign object
What is the function of the process of Translation?
To convert RNA into DNA
In which of the following does gas exchange occur?
Capillaries
Which of the following is NOT a function of the epithelial tissue?
They have the ability to respond to stimuli by producing electrical signals
Which of the following is the function of Na+/K+ Pump?
To transport 3 Na+ out of the cell and 2 K+ into the cell
Areolar Connective tissue contains which of the following fibers?
Collagen, Elastic & Reticular fibers
Which of the following types of cells found in connective tissue secrete fibers and components of ground substance?
Fibroblasts
What are the two basic elements of connective tissue?
Extracellular matrix & Cells
Which of the following statements about Meiosis & Mitosis is FALSE?
The end result in each process is the same
