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Module 8 theory > A&P > Flashcards

A&P Flashcards

1
Q

Which of the following is the definition of Pathophysiology?

A

The functional changes associated with disease and aging

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2
Q

Which category of anatomy is best defined as: “Structures that can be examined without a microscope:”

A

Gross anatomy

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3
Q

What is the smallest living unit in the human body?

A

A cell

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4
Q

Which of the following in NOT one of the six Basic Life Processes?

A

Sleeping

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5
Q

Which of the following is defined as a cycle of events that monitor, evaluate and change a condition in the body?

A

A feedback system

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6
Q

Which of the following is the definition of homeostasis?

A

Balance with in the body’s internal environment

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7
Q

Which of the following is NOT one of the eleven systems of the body:

A

Chemical system

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8
Q

Which of the following describes an ionic bond?

A

The bonding of two ions with opposite charges

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9
Q

Which of the following is NOT found in the structure of an atom?

A

Ion

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10
Q

Which of the following defines a free radical?

A

An unstable charged atom that is highly reactive and destructive

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11
Q

Reactions in the body when 2 or more molecules combine to form new and larger molecules are called:

A

Anabolic reactions

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12
Q

A solutions acidity or alkalinity is expressed on the pH scale. Which statement regarding the pH scale is FALSE?

A

A solution that has more H+ than OH- is a alkaline solution and has a pH above 7

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13
Q

Which of the following properties makes organic molecules unique?

A

They contain carbon

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14
Q

What property makes water an excellent or “universal” solvent?

A

It is a polar molecule

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15
Q

Which of the following is an example of a carbohydrate?

A

Glycogen

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16
Q

What term describes a protein that has lost its shape and is therefore no longer functional?

A

Denatured

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17
Q

Which of the following lipids in the body is used for protection, insulation & energy storage?

A

Triglyceride

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18
Q

Which of the following molecules contain our genetic material?

A

DNA

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19
Q

Which of the following molecules can be split to release our bodies’ energy?

A

ATP

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20
Q

Which structure is responsible for forming a sugary outer coat on the cell membrane that enables cells to recognize one another?

A

Glycocalyx

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21
Q

Which of the following is NOT a function of the proteins found in a cell membrane?

A

They form an amphipathic bilayer

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22
Q

Which organelle is considered the “powerhouse” of the cell?

A

Mitochondria

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23
Q

Which organelle is the specific site of Translation in the protein synthesis process?

A

Ribosome

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24
Q

What term describes water moving from a higher concentration to a lower concentration through a selectively permeable membrane?

A

Osmosis

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25
Q

Putting a cell in which type of solution will cause lysis of the cell?

A

Hypotonic solution

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26
Q

What term describes the requirement of energy to move solutes across the membrane against a concentration gradient?

A

Active transport

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27
Q

Which of the following is the function of Na+/K+ ATPase?

A

To transport 3 Na+ out of the cell and 2 K+ into the cell

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28
Q

Phagocytosis is an example of which type of Transport?

A

Endocytosis

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29
Q

How many chromosomes are found in every human somatic cell?

A

46

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30
Q

Which of the following describes the process of a gene’s DNA being used as a template for synthesizing a specific protein?

A

Gene expression

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31
Q

What is the function of mRNA?

A

To direct the synthesis of a protein

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32
Q

The following is a particular sequence of codon on mRNA: ACU. What is the corresponding anti-codon for the tRNA?

A

UGA

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33
Q

What organelle is the site of DNA Transcription?

A

Nucleus

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34
Q

What is the function of the process of Translation?

A

To produce our bodies proteins

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35
Q

What is the purpose of crossing-over during the stage of Meiosis I?

A

To exchange genes between chromatids resulting in genetic variation

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36
Q

In which of the following processes does a contractile ring form a cleavage furrow around the center of the cell?

A

Cytokinesis

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37
Q

Which phase of Interphase is when the DNA replicates?

A

S Phase

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38
Q

Which phase of Mitosis do the centrosomes of the chromatid pairs line up at the “equator” by the microtubules of the mitotic spindle?

A

Metaphase

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39
Q

Which of the following is NOT one of the four basic classes of tissue types in the human body?

A

Blood

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40
Q

Which of the following embryonic layers forms adult muscle tissue?

A

Mesoderm

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41
Q

Which of the following cell junctions allow cellular communication and the movement of electrical impulses between cells?

A

Gap junctions

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42
Q

The classification of epithelial tissues where the cell nuclei lie at different levels and all cells do not reach the apical surface but all are resting on the basement membrane.

A

Pseudostratified

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43
Q

Which of the following is NOT a function of the epithelial tissue?

A

They have the ability to respond to stimuli by producing electrical signals

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44
Q

Which of the following arrangements of cells is found in areas of absorption or secretion?

A

Simple cuboidal epithelium

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45
Q

What is the function of cilia on epithelial tissue?

A

Movement of mucous

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46
Q

Where would you find Transitional epithelial tissue that allows for necessary stretching while maintaining the structures protective lining?

A

Urinary bladder

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47
Q

Which of the following glands have secretions produced by rupture of the plasma membrane?

A

Holocrine

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48
Q

Of the four tissue classifications which is considered the most abundant in the body?

A

Connective tissue

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49
Q

What is the function of mast cells in connective tissue?

A

To produce histamine to dilate small blood vessels during inflammation

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50
Q

What are the two major components of the connective tissue extracellular matrix that give each connective tissue unique properties?

A

Ground Substance and Fibers

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51
Q

Which of the following types of fibers are strong, resist pulling forces but are not stiff and allows for tissue flexibility?

A

Collagen

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52
Q

What is the function of dense regular connective tissue?

A

Provide strong attachment between structures

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53
Q

Of the following tissues which is not a type of muscle tissue?

A

Neuron

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54
Q

Which type of Connective Tissue is made up of chondrocytes that are scattered among bundles of collagen fibers within the extracellular matrix, lacks a perichondrium and found in the intervertebral discs?

A

Fibro Cartilage

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55
Q

Reticular, Areolar and Adipose are types of which tissue?

A

Loose Connective Tissue

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56
Q

Which of the following defines angiogenesis?

A

The growth of new blood vessels

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57
Q

Which of the following refers to the branching of arteries to provide a redundant supply of blood to the tissues?

A

Anastomoses

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58
Q

Which type of capillary is most abundant and found in the brain, lungs, skeletal muscle, smooth muscle and connective tissue?

A

Continuous

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59
Q

In which of the following does gas exchange occur?

A

Capillaries

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60
Q

Which of the following describes the structure of a lymph node?

A

A bean shaped structure that contains phagocytes, macrophages and numerous afferent vessels

61
Q

Which lymphatic trunk drains from lower limbs, pelvis, kidneys and abdominal wall?

A

Lumbar

62
Q

Which of the following is responsible for carrying oxygen to the tissues?

A

Red Blood Cell

63
Q

Which of the following is a function of platelets?

A

Prevent blood loss and act in clotting

64
Q

Which white blood cell functions to mediate immune responses, including antigen-antibody reactions:

A

Lymphocytes

65
Q

Which of the following statements regarding Arteries and Veins is TRUE?

A

Average blood pressure in veins is lower than in arteries

66
Q

Which one of the following tissue layers stores fats and contains large blood vessels that supply the skin?

A

Subcutaneous Layer

67
Q

Which one of the following cell types forms 90% of the epidermal layer of skin?

A

Keratinocytes

68
Q

Which one of the following layers of the epidermis is shed daily and forms calluses?

A

Stratum corneum

69
Q

Which one of the following is NOT a function of the Integumentary system?

A

Synthesis of Vitamin A

70
Q

Which one of the following features describes an Eccrine sweat gland?

A

They regulate body temperature and waste removal.

71
Q

Which one of the following statements describes a positive feedback system?

A

The output strengthens or reinforces the change in the body.

72
Q

Which process results in the building of new proteins from digested amino acids?

A

Anabolism

73
Q

Which one of the following organelles is responsible for protein synthesis?

A

Ribosome

74
Q

Which one of the following types of connective tissue contains tightly packed collagen fibers that accept stress from multiple directions as found in the skin and pericardium?

A

Dense irregular connective tissue

75
Q

Which of the following describes an ionic bond?

A

The bonding of two ions with opposite charges

76
Q

Which one of the following is NOT a function of the nucleus?

A

It produces cellular energy in the form of ATP

77
Q

Which of the following statements regarding cell membranes is FALSE?

A

Cell membranes are composed primarily of cholesterol.

78
Q

Which one of the following structures is responsible for the separation of chromatids to opposite poles of the cell during mitosis?

A

Mitotic spindle

79
Q

What is the name given to the molecular transporter that utilizes energy, Na+ and K+ molecules?

A

Primary active transport

80
Q

Which one of the following organic compounds contain carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen and oxygen and form quaternary structures?

A

Proteins

81
Q

Which one of the following organic compounds contains a pentose sugar, a phosphate group and 4 nitrogenous bases?

A

DNA

82
Q

Which one of the following structures functions as a molecular signature that enables cells to recognize one another?

A

Glycocalyx

83
Q

How many chromosomes are found in every human gamete?

A

23

84
Q

Which one of the following defines homeostasis?

A

The body’s way of maintaining equilibrium

85
Q

Which of the following glands has its secretions produced within the cell followed by the bursting of the plasma membrane thus releasing its cellular contents?

A

Holocrine

86
Q

Which of the following tissue types is the only contractile tissue in the body?

A

Muscular

87
Q

What kind of bone is the patella?

A

Sesamoid

88
Q

Which of the following is a characteristic of all synovial joints?

A

they are considered freely moveable

89
Q

Which one of the following formations of bone describes a passage through a bone?

A

Foramen

90
Q

Which one of the following joint structures consists of dense regular connective tissue that attaches to the periosteum of the articulating bone?

A

Outer fibrous membrane

91
Q

The flexibility of bone depends on the presence of what substance?

A

Collagen fibres

92
Q

Which one of the following is NOT considered a function of bone and the skeletal system??

A

Producing movement

93
Q

Which of the following muscle tissues is found in the skin, organs & vessels of the body?

A

Smooth muscle

94
Q

Which one of the following will NOT result from a skeletal muscle contraction?

A

Storing and transporting substances

95
Q

Which property of muscle tissue is defined as the ability of muscular tissue to return to its original length and shape after contraction?

A

Elasticity

96
Q

Which of the following statements regarding the structure of skeletal muscle is FALSE?

A

A fascicle is surrounded by the sarcolemma

97
Q

Which one of the following structures forms a tendon?

A

Extensions of deep fascial connective tissue that surround the muscle and fibers

98
Q

Which one of the following skeletal muscle describes the TransverseTubules?

A

Thousands of tiny invaginations of the sarcolemma that tunnel in from the surface towards the center of each muscle fiber

99
Q

Which skeletal muscle structures stores Calcium ions for muscle contraction?

A

The sarcoplasmic reticulum

100
Q

Which one of the following structures is the functional unit of the myofibril?

A

The sarcomere

101
Q

Which one of the following proteins forms the thick filament in a sarcomere?

A

Myosin

102
Q

Which one of the following proteins holds tropomyosin in place over the myosin binding sites?

A

Troponin

103
Q

Which structure runs vertically along the center of the sarcomere?

A

M Line

104
Q

Where does ATP bind to the sarcomere during contraction?

A

The myosin head

105
Q

Which one of the following statements regarding the sliding filament theory is FALSE?

A

The cross-bridges are formed by the attachment of Titan and Actin

106
Q

Which one of the following events triggers calcium (Ca+) release channels to open during excitation of a muscle fiber allowing Ca+ to flood around the sarcomere?

A

The propagation of a muscle action potential along the sarcolemma

107
Q

Which one of the following is NOT a function of ATP in muscle contraction?

A

ATP is hydrolyzed into AMP creating energy for the action potential

108
Q

Which one of the following structures does NOT form part of the Neuromuscular Junction?

A

Actin Myosin Filaments

109
Q

What is the function of acetylcholine within the neuromuscular junction?

A

To bind to receptors that open sodium channels on the motor end plate

110
Q

Which one of the following processes does NOT produce ATP?

A

The formation of acetylcholine

111
Q

During prolonged activity, which process do muscle cells utilize to make ATP?

A

Aerobic cellular respiration

112
Q

Which one of the following molecules is found only in muscle tissue and supplies oxygen for ATP production?

A

Myoglobin

113
Q

Which one of the following terms is defined as: Sustained contractions of a muscle fiber due to rapidly repeating stimulation with no period of relaxation?

A

Fused Tetanus

114
Q

Which one of the following terms is defined as: The somatic motor neuron and all the skeletal muscle fibers it stimulates?

A

A motor unit

115
Q

Which one of the following is a characteristic of Fast Oxidative-glycolytic muscle fibers?

A

They have moderately high resistance to fatigue so they function during moderate activity like walking

116
Q

When comparing cardiac and skeletal muscle, which one of the following characteristics is common to both types of muscle tissue?

A

The muscle fibers are arrange in zones, dark and light bands and Z discs

117
Q

Which one of the following statements describes cardiac muscle tissue?

A

The cylindrical fibers are branched and attach at the ends via intercalated discs

118
Q

What is the function of a pericyte in muscle tissue?

A

Pericytes are stem cells found in blood capillaries that can regenerate smooth muscle tissue

119
Q

Which embryological layer forms muscle?

A

Mesoderm

120
Q

Which one of the following events is responsible for sustained tone in smooth muscle?

A

The slow removal of calcium from the cytosol

121
Q

What is the name of the fatigue in which a person has feelings of tiredness and the desire to stop activity?

A

Central

122
Q

Which one of the following functional classifications describes a pivot joint?

A

Monoaxial

123
Q

How is a joint classified when it permits movement around 1 axis?

A

The joint is monoaxial

124
Q

Which movements are permitted in a biaxial joint?

A

Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction and circumduction

125
Q

What is the function of a bursa?

A

To form a closed sac that prevents friction between soft tissues that meet such as between skin and bone or bone and tendon

126
Q

Which one of the following receptors detects awareness of movement and position of body parts?

A

Proprioceptor

127
Q

Which one of the following statements describes the nature of Compact Boney Tissue?

A

This bone tissue contains osteons or haversian systems

128
Q

Which one of the following boney structures is the region from which bones grow in length?

A

Epiphyseal plate

129
Q

Which one of the following boney structures is defined as: A sheath of dense irregular connective tissue surrounding the shaft and is responsible for lateral growth, protection, repairing fractures and nourishing the bone tissue?

A

Periosteum

130
Q

Which bone cell is unable to divide but is a mature cell that maintains daily metabolism of bone?

A

Osteocyte

131
Q

Which bone cell is found in the endosteum and has deep folds in its membrane to increase the surface area for the production of lysosomal enzymes?

A

Osteoclasts

132
Q

Which statement regarding Intramembranous Ossification is FALSE?

A

All long bones form directly in the mesenchyme through this method

133
Q

Which statement regarding Endochondral Ossification is FALSE?

A

Bone tissue is replaced by cartilage

134
Q

vWhich one of the following statements regarding bone is TRUE?

A

Hydroxyapatite is mineral salts that crystals in bone creating the hardness of bone

135
Q

Which term describes a partial break occurring in children due to the flexible nature of the bone?

A

Greenstick fracture

136
Q

Which one of the following defines a compound fracture?

A

A fracture that results in the bone protruding from the skin

137
Q

Which one of the following is the first stage of bone healing?

A

Hematoma formation

138
Q

Which one of the following stages of bone healing sees procallus formation?

A

Fibrocartilaginous callus Formation

139
Q

What direction does new bone form during the remodeling phase?

A

Along the lines of stress

140
Q

Which one of the following is NOT a factor in the healing of bone after a fracture?

A

Presence of microbe or foreign object

141
Q

What is the function of the process of Translation?

A

To convert RNA into DNA

142
Q

In which of the following does gas exchange occur?

A

Capillaries

143
Q

Which of the following is NOT a function of the epithelial tissue?

A

They have the ability to respond to stimuli by producing electrical signals

144
Q

Which of the following is the function of Na+/K+ Pump?

A

To transport 3 Na+ out of the cell and 2 K+ into the cell

145
Q

Areolar Connective tissue contains which of the following fibers?

A

Collagen, Elastic & Reticular fibers

146
Q

Which of the following types of cells found in connective tissue secrete fibers and components of ground substance?

A

Fibroblasts

147
Q

What are the two basic elements of connective tissue?

A

Extracellular matrix & Cells

148
Q

Which of the following statements about Meiosis & Mitosis is FALSE?

A

The end result in each process is the same

Module 8 theory (17 decks)

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