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Module 8 theory > A&P final MCQ > Flashcards

A&P final MCQ Flashcards

1
Q

What tissue layer stores fats and contains large blood vessels that supply the skin?

A

Subcutaneous Layer

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2
Q

Which of the following cell types is the least numerous in the epidermal layer of skin?

A

Merkel cells

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3
Q

All of the following are characteristics of the apocrine sweat gland EXCEPT:

A

They regulate body temperature and waste removal.

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4
Q

Which one of the following organelles is where DNA is located?

A

Nucleus

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5
Q

Which one of the following types of connective tissue reduces heat loss through skin, serves as energy reserve, and supports and protects organs?

A

Adipose tissue

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6
Q

Which of the following describes an ionic bond?

A

The bonding of two ions with opposite charges

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7
Q

What is the name given to the molecular transporter that utilizes the sodium potassium pump?

A

Primary active transport

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8
Q

Which of the organic compounds contains carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen & phosphorus?

A

Nucleic Acids

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9
Q

Which one of the following defines homeostasis?

A

The body’s desire to change based on what’s happening in the external environment

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10
Q

Which of the following tissue types is unique in that it is the only contractile tissue in the body?

A

Muscular

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11
Q

Which one of the following joint structures lines the internal bone surface facing the medullary cavity?

A

Endosteum

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12
Q

Which one of the following structures is a fluid filled system of membranous sacs that encircles each myofibril?

A

The sarcoplasmic reticulum

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13
Q

Which one of the following proteins is the main component in the thin filament in a sarcomere?

A

Actin

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14
Q

Which one of the following structures is a small gap that separates the 2 cells in the neuromuscular junction?

A

Synaptic Cleft

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15
Q

Which process provides enough energy for 30-40 seconds of muscle activity?

A

Anaerobic cellular respiration

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16
Q

Which one of the following is a small amino-acid like molecule that is synthesized in the liver, kidneys and pancreas and then transported to the muscle fibers?

A

Creatine

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17
Q

Which one of the following is a characteristic of Slow Oxidative muscle fibers?

A

They are the least powerful fibers

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18
Q

Which embryological layer forms muscle?

A

Mesoderm

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19
Q

Which one of the following functional classifications describes a hinge joint?

A

Monoaxial

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20
Q

How is a joint classified when it permits movement around 2 axies?

A

The joint is biaxial

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21
Q

What is the function of a tendon sheath?

A

To form a closed sac around tendons to prevent friction of the tendon

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22
Q

Which one of the following receptors detects awareness of movement and position of body parts?

A

Proprioceptor

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23
Q

Which one of the following boney structures is the distal and proximal portion of bone?

A

Epiphyses

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24
Q

Which one of the following boney structures is defined as: A sheath of dense irregular connective tissue surrounding the shaft and is responsible for lateral growth, protection, repairing fractures and nourishing the bone tissue?

A

Periosteum

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25
Q

Which bone cell is the bone building cell?

A

Osteoblast

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26
Q

Which one of the following statements regarding bone is TRUE?

A

Hydroxyapatite is mineral salts that crystals in bone creating the hardness of bone

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27
Q

Which term describes a fracture where many small pieces of bone are broken?

A

Comminuted fracture

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28
Q

Which one of the following is the first stage of bone healing?

A

Hematoma formation

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29
Q

Which one of the following stages of bone healing sees compact bone replacing spongy bone?

A

Remodeling

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30
Q

What is the function of the process of Transcription?

A

To produce a specific molecule of RNA

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31
Q

In which of the following carries blood away from the heart to other organs?

A

Arteries

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32
Q

Which of the following is the function of Na+/K+ ATPase?

A

To transport 3 Na+ out of the cell and 2 K+ into the cell

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33
Q

What is the function of dense irregular connective tissue?

A

Allow for pulling forces in many directions

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34
Q

Areolar Connective tissue contains which of the following fibers?

A

Collagen & Elastic fibers

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35
Q

Which of the following types of cells found in connective tissue store triglycerides (fat)?

A

Adipocytes

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36
Q

Which one of the following statements is NOT a function of the Kidneys?

A

The kidneys return ammonia, urea and bilirubin to the blood stream

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37
Q

Which one of the following factors can decrease blood pressure and cause frequent urination due to the inhibition of the hormone ADH (Anti-Diuretic Hormone)?

A

Drinking alcohol

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38
Q

Which of the following forms the outermost covering of the kidneys?

A

Capsule

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39
Q

The renal corpuscle is composed of a glomerulus and a:

A

Bowman’s capsule

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40
Q

Which of the following is NOT found in the glomerular filtrate in a healthy person?

A

Protein

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41
Q

The countercurrent multiplier mechanism occurs at which of the following structures?

A

Loop of Henle

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42
Q

Which anatomical structure is the functional unit of the kidney?

A

Nephron

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43
Q

Which one of the following regions contains the majority of the kidney’s glomeruli?

A

Cortex

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44
Q

Which one of the following processes is NOT a function of the nephron?

A

Glomerular reabsorption

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45
Q

Which of the following is the first step in urine formation?

A

Glomerular filtration

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46
Q

The return of filtered plasma to the blood. This statement describes which of the following terms?

A

Tubular reabsorption

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47
Q

Which one of the following cells forms pedicles that encircle the glomerular capillaries?

A

Podocytes

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48
Q

Which one of the following is NOT a function of the urinary system?

A

To transport bile from the kidneys to the urinary bladder via the ureter

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49
Q

Which of the following is FALSE with respect to the role of ADH in concentrating urine?

A

Concentration of water in the blood decreases

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50
Q

________________ forces water and most solutes in blood plasma across the wall of the glomerular capillaries.

A

Blood pressure

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51
Q

Which one of the following conditions is suspected if these symptoms develop: severe colicky flank pain radiating to the lower abdomen, vomiting and nausea?

A

Kidney stones

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52
Q

Which one of the following defence mechanisms does NOT protect against Urinary Tract Infections?

A

Cilia hairs along the ureters

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53
Q

Which of the following is the lipoprotein responsible for transporting cholesterol to cells of the body?

A

LDL

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54
Q

Which one of the following decreases basal metabolism?

A

Very low caloric intake

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55
Q

Which one of the following diseases is the result of a thiamin deficiency?

A

Beri beri

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56
Q

Which one of the following diseases is the result of a folic acid deficiency?

A

Macrocytic anemia

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57
Q

Which one of the following diseases is the result of a vitamin D deficiency?

A

rickets

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58
Q

Which one of the following diseases is the result of an Iron deficiency?

A

Anemia

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59
Q

Which nutrient helps to prevent blood clots and thereby reduces risk for heart disease?

A

Omega - 3 fat

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60
Q

Which one of the following is NOT a function of dietary fibre?

A

Creates more compact stools removing most of the water content increasing water absorption

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61
Q

Which one of the following is NOT a key molecule of metabolism?

A

Minerals

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62
Q

Which one of the following structures is surrounded by the 1st loop of the duodenum?

A

Head of the pancreas

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63
Q

In which one of the following quadrants is the hepatic flexure of the colon located?

A

The right upper abdominal quadrant

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64
Q

What is the name of the shortest part of the small intestine?

A

Duodenum

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65
Q

Which one of the following terms describes the folds in the mucosa of the stomach?

A

Rugae

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66
Q

Which one of the following is the anatomical location of the soft palate?

A

The posterior 1/3 of the roof of the mouth

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67
Q

Which one of the following pancreatic cells produce insulin?

A

Islets of Langerhans

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68
Q

How is glucose moved into body cells?

A

Via facilitated diffusion

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69
Q

Which of the following is TRUE regarding blood glucose?

A

It can be converted to fatty acids and stored in adipose tissue

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70
Q

Which of the following regarding protein catabolism is FALSE?

A

Proteins are never used to make ATP

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71
Q

Which one of the following metabolic pathways converts excess sugar into glycogen for storage?

A

Glycogenesis

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72
Q

Which one of the following is the etiology of anorexia nervosa?

A

Self-starvation

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73
Q

Which one of the following metabolic pathways converts NADH and FADH2 into 32 or 34 molecules of ATP?

A

Krebs cycle

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74
Q

Which one of the following statements regarding the left lung is TRUE?

A

The left lung has two lobes and one fissure

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75
Q

Which one of the following statements regarding the left lung is TRUE?

A

The left lung has two lobes and one fissure

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76
Q

Which of the following describes the exchange of gases between the alveoli of the lungs and the pulmonary capillaries?

A

External respiration

77
Q

In which of the following structures does the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide occur?

A

Alveolus

78
Q

The respiratory zone consists of all of the following except:

A

Terminal bronchioles

79
Q

Deep inhalations and deep exhalations utilize what lung volumes?

A

Tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, and expiratory reserve volume

80
Q

Which of the following structures conducts the passage of air, food, and liquids?

A

Oropharynx and laryngopharynx

81
Q

Which one of the following gas laws states: the solubility of a gas in a liquid is proportional to the partial pressure of the substance over the liquid?

A

Henry’s Law

82
Q

What is the function of cilia in the nasal cavities?

A

trap dust-filled mucus

83
Q

Which of the following factors increase or improve hemoglobin’s affinity for Oxygen?

A

Low partial pressure of carbon dioxide

84
Q

Which one of the following lung capacities is described as: the volume of air moved in and out of the lungs in one breath while at rest?

A

Tidal volume

85
Q

Which one of the following gases is found in the highest concentration in the air we breathe?

A

Nitrogen

86
Q

During which process does Chloride Shift occur?

A

Internal Respiration

87
Q

Which one of the following processes is defined as the diffusion of oxygen from the alveoli to the pulmonary capillaries and carbon dioxide from the capillary into the alveoli?

A

Pulmonary gas exchange
`

88
Q

Which one of the following statements CORRECTLY describes Gas Exchange?

A

It is the movement of O2 into the tissues and the waste product CO2 out of the tissue.

89
Q

Which one of the following conditions is responsible for normal exhalation?

A

Elastic recoil

90
Q

Which one of the following muscles is the main muscle of respiration?

A

Diaphragm

91
Q

Which of the following is FALSE regarding the alveoli of the lungs?

A

The respiratory membrane is very thick in order to provide structural support to the alveoli

92
Q

In which form does Carbon Dioxide travel most abundantly throughout the body?

A

As bicarbonate ions

93
Q

Which one of the following structures of the airway is called the windpipe?

A

Trachea

94
Q

Which one of the following structures of the airway is directly posterior to the oral cavity?

A

Oropharynx

95
Q

Which one of the following anatomical structures is responsible for preventing dehydration during exhalation?

A

Nasal conchae and meatuses

96
Q

Which receptors are stretched in the protective mechanism called Inflation Reflex?

A

Baroreceptors

97
Q

Which one of the following anatomical terms describes the interconnection of the ventricles of the heart?

A

Interventricular septum

98
Q

Which one of the following terms describes the amount of blood ejected from the heart with each beat?

A

Stroke volume

99
Q

Which of the following reflects the correct sequence of blood flow through the heart?

A

Left atrium  bicuspid valve  left ventricle  aortic semilunar valve

100
Q

Which of the following terms is the name of the relaxation phase of the ventricles?

A

Diastole

101
Q

Which of the following statements correctly describes systemic circulation?

A

The volume of blood pumped to the body from the heart to deliver oxygen

102
Q

The layer of the heart that contracts and relaxes to propel blood through the heart is called:

A

Myocardium

103
Q

What is the name given to the smallest blood vessels in the body?

A

Capillaries

104
Q

Blood pressure is highest in which of the following vessels?

A

Arteries

105
Q

In the pulmonary circuit, the __________ half of the heart pumps __________ blood to the alveoli of the lungs, and then _____________ blood flows back to the heart.

A

Right; deoxygenated; oxygenated

106
Q

Which of the following blood vessels begins at the level of T12, descends to the level of L4, runs parallel to the inferior vena cava, and follows the curvature of the lumbar curve?

A

Abdominal aorta

107
Q

Branches of which of the following arteries will serve the arm and the hand?

A

Axillary

108
Q

Which of the following veins is found in the lower limbs?

A

Great saphenous vein

109
Q

Which one of the following arteries is found in the upper limbs?

A

Brachial artery

110
Q

A blood clot formed within a blood vessel that breaks off from its place of origin and travels in the blood. This statement is a definition of which of the following?

A

Embolus

111
Q

What is the name given to an immature, non-functioning red blood cell?

A

Reticulocyte

112
Q

Which of the following structures in red blood cells give them their red colour?

A

Hemoglobin

113
Q

Which of the following is the definition of erythropoiesis?

A

The formation red blood cells

114
Q

Which of the following minerals is responsible for binding oxygen in red blood cells?

A

iron

115
Q

Which of the following is the advantage of anastomoses?

A

It provides an alternate pathway for blood to travel if another vessel is blocked

116
Q

Which one of the following terms is defined as: the process of gel formation in a series of reactions forming fibrin threads?

A

Coagulation

117
Q

Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding type O blood?

A

It has anti-A and anti-B antibodies in the plasma

118
Q

Which of the following blood types is considered the “universal recipient”?

A

Type AB

119
Q

Which of the following terms can be defined as a foreign substance to the body that triggers an immune response?

A

Antigens

120
Q

Which one of the following specific defence mechanisms protects against foreign organisms that have infected body cells?

A

Cell-mediated immune system

121
Q

Which one of the following immune cells directly terminates antigens?

A

Cytotoxic T cells

122
Q

Immunoglobulins are also known as:

A

Antibodies

123
Q

T cells require two signals to be activated. One signal is the binding of the antigen presented by the antigen presenting cell (APC). The other is the binding of:

A

Co-stimulators

124
Q

Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding the immune system?

A

Antigens are specific proteins that destroy pathogens

125
Q

Which of the following body systems is considered part of the immune system?

A

Lymphatic system

126
Q

The maturation of T cells and the production of particular T cell receptors occurs in the:

A

Thymus gland

127
Q

Which of the following occurs when immune cells lose self-tolerance?

A

Autoimmunity develops

128
Q

Which one of the following events does Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) prevent?

A

The output of large amounts of urine

129
Q

Which one of the following hormones is released by the Anterior Pituitary gland?

A

hGH

130
Q

Which one of the following statements defines a Hormone?

A

A messenger molecule that initiates function in a target cell

131
Q

Which one of the following conditions will occur after insulin overdose?

A

Hypoglycemia

132
Q

Which one of the following disease has signs of: average height, very prominent mandible, thick hands, prominent supraorbitial ridges and thick subcutaneous tissue?

A

Acromegaly

133
Q

Which one of the following hormones directly triggers the release of T3/T4, at the thyroid gland?

A

TSH

134
Q

Which one of the following is considered the “Master Gland” of the endocrine system?

A

pituitary

135
Q

Which one of the following events will trigger ADH release?

A

A decrease in blood volume resulting in high sodium levels

136
Q

Which one of the following processes does the hormone epinephrine control in the body?

A

Fight or Flight response

137
Q

Which one of the following conditions has symptoms of polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia?

A

Diabetes Mellitus

138
Q

Which one of these groups CORRECTLY identifies the hormones produced by the posterior pituitary?

A

No hormones are produced in posterior pituitary, it only stores Oxytocin and ADH

139
Q

Which of the following types of shock is caused by failure of the heart to pump effectively?

A

Cardiogenic shock

140
Q

Which one of the following muscles of the scrotum is continuous with the internal oblique and attaches to the pubic bone?

A

Cremaster muscle

141
Q

Which one of the following cells secretes testosterone?

A

Leydig cells

142
Q

Which of the following muscles aids in ejaculation and assists erection??

A

Bulbospongiosus muscle

143
Q

Which accessory sex gland in the male secretes milky, slightly acidic fluid that helps semen coagulate after ejaculation?

A

Prostate

144
Q

Which ligament arises from the pubic symphysis and supports the weight of the penis?

A

Suspensory ligament

145
Q

Which one of the following hormones is NOT produced in males?

A

relaxin

146
Q

Which one of the following groups of organs is the uterus between?

A

The urinary bladder and the rectum

147
Q

Which one of the following structures forms in the ovary after ovulation at the site of the ruptured follicle?

A

Corpus luteum

148
Q

Which ligament is also called the lateral ligament and connects the pelvic wall to the cervix and vagina?

A

Cardinal ligament

149
Q

Where does oogenesis occur?

A

Ovaries

150
Q

Which one of the following statements CORRECTLY lists the average menstrual cycle and ovulation?

A

Menstruation is 28 days long with ovulation occurring on day 14

151
Q

Which one of the following hormone(s) stimulates/initiates follicular growth and stimulates ovarian follicles to secrete estrogen?

A

LH & FSH

152
Q

Which one of the following hormones is responsible for causing ovulation?

A

LH

153
Q

Which one of the following hormones stimulates the breasts to let down/eject milk?

A

oxytocin

154
Q

Which one of the following hormonal triggers starts menstruation?

A

Blood levels of estrogen and progesterone decrease rapidly

155
Q

Which anatomical subdivision of the uterus is described as the narrow portion that opens into the vagina?

A

cervix

156
Q

Which one of the following sets of events is the CORRECT trigger for labor and delivery and allows its progression?

A

Increase in oxytocin, loss of estrogen and progesterone and mechanical forces

157
Q

In which one of the following tissues does a fertilized ovum implant?

A

Endometrium

158
Q

Which phase of the reproductive cycle has the dominate follicle becoming a mature (graafian) follicle which continues to enlarge?

A

Preovulatory phase

159
Q

How long after fertilization does implantation occur?

A

6 days

160
Q

What is the process called where a single nucleus develops from the sperm’s nucleus and the ovary’s nucleus?

A

Syngamy

161
Q

During blastocyst development, what is the inner cell mast called?

A

Embryoblast

162
Q

Which of the following is NOT a function of the amniotic fluid?

A

Provides oxygen and nutrients to the fetus

163
Q

The chorion produces which hormone?

A

Human chorionic gonadotropin

164
Q

At what week of fetal development does organogenesis begin?

A

week 4

165
Q

Which somite region develops into the skeletal muscles of neck, trunk and limbs?

A

Myotome

166
Q

Which one of the following statements regarding pregnancy is INCORRECT?

A

The fetus is fully formed in the 2nd month of development

167
Q

Which of the following physiological changes during pregnancy is TRUE?

A

Increased frequency to urinate

168
Q

During labor, which hormone released by the posterior pituitary stimulates uterine contraction?

A

oxytocin

169
Q

Which of the following statements about Lactation is FALSE?

A

Fats and iron is absorbed less in breast milk and it has a higher sodium content

170
Q

Which one of the following types of testicular torsion is a concern in newborn males?

A

Extravaginal torsion

171
Q

Which one of the following terms describes inflammation of the testis?

A

Orchitis

172
Q

Which one of the following statements regarding Epididymitis is FALSE?

A

The etiology of this condition is a chronically elevated testosterone level

173
Q

In which one of the following age groups is testicular cancer the most common type of cancer found?

A

Males 15-35 years of age

174
Q

Which one of the following statements regarding prostate cancer is TRUE?

A

Diets high in fat and altered sex hormone production can increase the risk of prostate cancer

175
Q

Which one of the following yearly screening test is critical in early diagnosis of prostate cancer?

A

The PSA blood test

176
Q

Which one of the following Sexually Transmitted Infections (STI) is a life-long recurrent infection?

A

Genital Herpes

177
Q

Which one of the following STI’s is the etiology of cervical cancer?

A

HPV

178
Q

Which one of the following symptoms is a common finding in both male and female STI infections?

A

Urinary tract infection

179
Q

Which one of the following describes Endometriosis?

A

Endometrial tissue found in the pelvic cavity

180
Q

Which one of the following factors predisposes women to the formation of pelvic inflammatory disease?

A

Women with multiple sexual partners

181
Q

Which one of the following symptoms is the primary manifestation of Ovarian Cancer?

A

Gastrointestinal discomfort and bloating following eating

182
Q

Which one of the following statements defines dysmenorrhea?

A

Pain or discomfort with menstruation

183
Q

Which one of the following conditions is defined as inflammation of the breast?

A

Mastitis

184
Q

Which one of the following statements regarding Breast Cancer is FALSE?

A

Mammograms can only find lesions larger than 1 centimeter

185
Q

Which one of the following statements regarding infertility is TRUE?

A

A couples infertility is equally divided into 30% male factors, 30% female factors and 30% combined factors

186
Q

Which of the following is NOT a male factor involved with infertility?

A

Increased number of sperm

187
Q

Which disorder in pregnancy is when a pregnant woman develops high blood pressure and protein in the urine after the 20th week?

A

Pre-eclampsia

188
Q

What is the best treatment for eclampsia?

A

Delivery of baby

Module 8 theory (17 decks)

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