A&P final MCQ Flashcards
What tissue layer stores fats and contains large blood vessels that supply the skin?
Subcutaneous Layer
Which of the following cell types is the least numerous in the epidermal layer of skin?
Merkel cells
All of the following are characteristics of the apocrine sweat gland EXCEPT:
They regulate body temperature and waste removal.
Which one of the following organelles is where DNA is located?
Nucleus
Which one of the following types of connective tissue reduces heat loss through skin, serves as energy reserve, and supports and protects organs?
Adipose tissue
Which of the following describes an ionic bond?
The bonding of two ions with opposite charges
What is the name given to the molecular transporter that utilizes the sodium potassium pump?
Primary active transport
Which of the organic compounds contains carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen & phosphorus?
Nucleic Acids
Which one of the following defines homeostasis?
The body’s desire to change based on what’s happening in the external environment
Which of the following tissue types is unique in that it is the only contractile tissue in the body?
Muscular
Which one of the following joint structures lines the internal bone surface facing the medullary cavity?
Endosteum
Which one of the following structures is a fluid filled system of membranous sacs that encircles each myofibril?
The sarcoplasmic reticulum
Which one of the following proteins is the main component in the thin filament in a sarcomere?
Actin
Which one of the following structures is a small gap that separates the 2 cells in the neuromuscular junction?
Synaptic Cleft
Which process provides enough energy for 30-40 seconds of muscle activity?
Anaerobic cellular respiration
Which one of the following is a small amino-acid like molecule that is synthesized in the liver, kidneys and pancreas and then transported to the muscle fibers?
Creatine
Which one of the following is a characteristic of Slow Oxidative muscle fibers?
They are the least powerful fibers
Which embryological layer forms muscle?
Mesoderm
Which one of the following functional classifications describes a hinge joint?
Monoaxial
How is a joint classified when it permits movement around 2 axies?
The joint is biaxial
What is the function of a tendon sheath?
To form a closed sac around tendons to prevent friction of the tendon
Which one of the following receptors detects awareness of movement and position of body parts?
Proprioceptor
Which one of the following boney structures is the distal and proximal portion of bone?
Epiphyses
Which one of the following boney structures is defined as: A sheath of dense irregular connective tissue surrounding the shaft and is responsible for lateral growth, protection, repairing fractures and nourishing the bone tissue?
Periosteum
Which bone cell is the bone building cell?
Osteoblast
Which one of the following statements regarding bone is TRUE?
Hydroxyapatite is mineral salts that crystals in bone creating the hardness of bone
Which term describes a fracture where many small pieces of bone are broken?
Comminuted fracture
Which one of the following is the first stage of bone healing?
Hematoma formation
Which one of the following stages of bone healing sees compact bone replacing spongy bone?
Remodeling
What is the function of the process of Transcription?
To produce a specific molecule of RNA
In which of the following carries blood away from the heart to other organs?
Arteries
Which of the following is the function of Na+/K+ ATPase?
To transport 3 Na+ out of the cell and 2 K+ into the cell
What is the function of dense irregular connective tissue?
Allow for pulling forces in many directions
Areolar Connective tissue contains which of the following fibers?
Collagen & Elastic fibers
Which of the following types of cells found in connective tissue store triglycerides (fat)?
Adipocytes
Which one of the following statements is NOT a function of the Kidneys?
The kidneys return ammonia, urea and bilirubin to the blood stream
Which one of the following factors can decrease blood pressure and cause frequent urination due to the inhibition of the hormone ADH (Anti-Diuretic Hormone)?
Drinking alcohol
Which of the following forms the outermost covering of the kidneys?
Capsule
The renal corpuscle is composed of a glomerulus and a:
Bowman’s capsule
Which of the following is NOT found in the glomerular filtrate in a healthy person?
Protein
The countercurrent multiplier mechanism occurs at which of the following structures?
Loop of Henle
Which anatomical structure is the functional unit of the kidney?
Nephron
Which one of the following regions contains the majority of the kidney’s glomeruli?
Cortex
Which one of the following processes is NOT a function of the nephron?
Glomerular reabsorption
Which of the following is the first step in urine formation?
Glomerular filtration
The return of filtered plasma to the blood. This statement describes which of the following terms?
Tubular reabsorption
Which one of the following cells forms pedicles that encircle the glomerular capillaries?
Podocytes
Which one of the following is NOT a function of the urinary system?
To transport bile from the kidneys to the urinary bladder via the ureter
Which of the following is FALSE with respect to the role of ADH in concentrating urine?
Concentration of water in the blood decreases
________________ forces water and most solutes in blood plasma across the wall of the glomerular capillaries.
Blood pressure
Which one of the following conditions is suspected if these symptoms develop: severe colicky flank pain radiating to the lower abdomen, vomiting and nausea?
Kidney stones
Which one of the following defence mechanisms does NOT protect against Urinary Tract Infections?
Cilia hairs along the ureters
Which of the following is the lipoprotein responsible for transporting cholesterol to cells of the body?
LDL
Which one of the following decreases basal metabolism?
Very low caloric intake
Which one of the following diseases is the result of a thiamin deficiency?
Beri beri
Which one of the following diseases is the result of a folic acid deficiency?
Macrocytic anemia
Which one of the following diseases is the result of a vitamin D deficiency?
rickets
Which one of the following diseases is the result of an Iron deficiency?
Anemia
Which nutrient helps to prevent blood clots and thereby reduces risk for heart disease?
Omega - 3 fat
Which one of the following is NOT a function of dietary fibre?
Creates more compact stools removing most of the water content increasing water absorption
Which one of the following is NOT a key molecule of metabolism?
Minerals
Which one of the following structures is surrounded by the 1st loop of the duodenum?
Head of the pancreas
In which one of the following quadrants is the hepatic flexure of the colon located?
The right upper abdominal quadrant
What is the name of the shortest part of the small intestine?
Duodenum
Which one of the following terms describes the folds in the mucosa of the stomach?
Rugae
Which one of the following is the anatomical location of the soft palate?
The posterior 1/3 of the roof of the mouth
Which one of the following pancreatic cells produce insulin?
Islets of Langerhans
How is glucose moved into body cells?
Via facilitated diffusion
Which of the following is TRUE regarding blood glucose?
It can be converted to fatty acids and stored in adipose tissue
Which of the following regarding protein catabolism is FALSE?
Proteins are never used to make ATP
Which one of the following metabolic pathways converts excess sugar into glycogen for storage?
Glycogenesis
Which one of the following is the etiology of anorexia nervosa?
Self-starvation
Which one of the following metabolic pathways converts NADH and FADH2 into 32 or 34 molecules of ATP?
Krebs cycle
Which one of the following statements regarding the left lung is TRUE?
The left lung has two lobes and one fissure
Which one of the following statements regarding the left lung is TRUE?
The left lung has two lobes and one fissure
Which of the following describes the exchange of gases between the alveoli of the lungs and the pulmonary capillaries?
External respiration
In which of the following structures does the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide occur?
Alveolus
The respiratory zone consists of all of the following except:
Terminal bronchioles
Deep inhalations and deep exhalations utilize what lung volumes?
Tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, and expiratory reserve volume
Which of the following structures conducts the passage of air, food, and liquids?
Oropharynx and laryngopharynx
Which one of the following gas laws states: the solubility of a gas in a liquid is proportional to the partial pressure of the substance over the liquid?
Henry’s Law
What is the function of cilia in the nasal cavities?
trap dust-filled mucus
Which of the following factors increase or improve hemoglobin’s affinity for Oxygen?
Low partial pressure of carbon dioxide
Which one of the following lung capacities is described as: the volume of air moved in and out of the lungs in one breath while at rest?
Tidal volume
Which one of the following gases is found in the highest concentration in the air we breathe?
Nitrogen
During which process does Chloride Shift occur?
Internal Respiration
Which one of the following processes is defined as the diffusion of oxygen from the alveoli to the pulmonary capillaries and carbon dioxide from the capillary into the alveoli?
Pulmonary gas exchange
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Which one of the following statements CORRECTLY describes Gas Exchange?
It is the movement of O2 into the tissues and the waste product CO2 out of the tissue.
Which one of the following conditions is responsible for normal exhalation?
Elastic recoil
Which one of the following muscles is the main muscle of respiration?
Diaphragm
Which of the following is FALSE regarding the alveoli of the lungs?
The respiratory membrane is very thick in order to provide structural support to the alveoli
In which form does Carbon Dioxide travel most abundantly throughout the body?
As bicarbonate ions
Which one of the following structures of the airway is called the windpipe?
Trachea
Which one of the following structures of the airway is directly posterior to the oral cavity?
Oropharynx
Which one of the following anatomical structures is responsible for preventing dehydration during exhalation?
Nasal conchae and meatuses
Which receptors are stretched in the protective mechanism called Inflation Reflex?
Baroreceptors
Which one of the following anatomical terms describes the interconnection of the ventricles of the heart?
Interventricular septum
Which one of the following terms describes the amount of blood ejected from the heart with each beat?
Stroke volume
Which of the following reflects the correct sequence of blood flow through the heart?
Left atrium bicuspid valve left ventricle aortic semilunar valve
Which of the following terms is the name of the relaxation phase of the ventricles?
Diastole
Which of the following statements correctly describes systemic circulation?
The volume of blood pumped to the body from the heart to deliver oxygen
The layer of the heart that contracts and relaxes to propel blood through the heart is called:
Myocardium
What is the name given to the smallest blood vessels in the body?
Capillaries
Blood pressure is highest in which of the following vessels?
Arteries
In the pulmonary circuit, the __________ half of the heart pumps __________ blood to the alveoli of the lungs, and then _____________ blood flows back to the heart.
Right; deoxygenated; oxygenated
Which of the following blood vessels begins at the level of T12, descends to the level of L4, runs parallel to the inferior vena cava, and follows the curvature of the lumbar curve?
Abdominal aorta
Branches of which of the following arteries will serve the arm and the hand?
Axillary
Which of the following veins is found in the lower limbs?
Great saphenous vein
Which one of the following arteries is found in the upper limbs?
Brachial artery
A blood clot formed within a blood vessel that breaks off from its place of origin and travels in the blood. This statement is a definition of which of the following?
Embolus
What is the name given to an immature, non-functioning red blood cell?
Reticulocyte
Which of the following structures in red blood cells give them their red colour?
Hemoglobin
Which of the following is the definition of erythropoiesis?
The formation red blood cells
Which of the following minerals is responsible for binding oxygen in red blood cells?
iron
Which of the following is the advantage of anastomoses?
It provides an alternate pathway for blood to travel if another vessel is blocked
Which one of the following terms is defined as: the process of gel formation in a series of reactions forming fibrin threads?
Coagulation
Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding type O blood?
It has anti-A and anti-B antibodies in the plasma
Which of the following blood types is considered the “universal recipient”?
Type AB
Which of the following terms can be defined as a foreign substance to the body that triggers an immune response?
Antigens
Which one of the following specific defence mechanisms protects against foreign organisms that have infected body cells?
Cell-mediated immune system
Which one of the following immune cells directly terminates antigens?
Cytotoxic T cells
Immunoglobulins are also known as:
Antibodies
T cells require two signals to be activated. One signal is the binding of the antigen presented by the antigen presenting cell (APC). The other is the binding of:
Co-stimulators
Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding the immune system?
Antigens are specific proteins that destroy pathogens
Which of the following body systems is considered part of the immune system?
Lymphatic system
The maturation of T cells and the production of particular T cell receptors occurs in the:
Thymus gland
Which of the following occurs when immune cells lose self-tolerance?
Autoimmunity develops
Which one of the following events does Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) prevent?
The output of large amounts of urine
Which one of the following hormones is released by the Anterior Pituitary gland?
hGH
Which one of the following statements defines a Hormone?
A messenger molecule that initiates function in a target cell
Which one of the following conditions will occur after insulin overdose?
Hypoglycemia
Which one of the following disease has signs of: average height, very prominent mandible, thick hands, prominent supraorbitial ridges and thick subcutaneous tissue?
Acromegaly
Which one of the following hormones directly triggers the release of T3/T4, at the thyroid gland?
TSH
Which one of the following is considered the “Master Gland” of the endocrine system?
pituitary
Which one of the following events will trigger ADH release?
A decrease in blood volume resulting in high sodium levels
Which one of the following processes does the hormone epinephrine control in the body?
Fight or Flight response
Which one of the following conditions has symptoms of polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia?
Diabetes Mellitus
Which one of these groups CORRECTLY identifies the hormones produced by the posterior pituitary?
No hormones are produced in posterior pituitary, it only stores Oxytocin and ADH
Which of the following types of shock is caused by failure of the heart to pump effectively?
Cardiogenic shock
Which one of the following muscles of the scrotum is continuous with the internal oblique and attaches to the pubic bone?
Cremaster muscle
Which one of the following cells secretes testosterone?
Leydig cells
Which of the following muscles aids in ejaculation and assists erection??
Bulbospongiosus muscle
Which accessory sex gland in the male secretes milky, slightly acidic fluid that helps semen coagulate after ejaculation?
Prostate
Which ligament arises from the pubic symphysis and supports the weight of the penis?
Suspensory ligament
Which one of the following hormones is NOT produced in males?
relaxin
Which one of the following groups of organs is the uterus between?
The urinary bladder and the rectum
Which one of the following structures forms in the ovary after ovulation at the site of the ruptured follicle?
Corpus luteum
Which ligament is also called the lateral ligament and connects the pelvic wall to the cervix and vagina?
Cardinal ligament
Where does oogenesis occur?
Ovaries
Which one of the following statements CORRECTLY lists the average menstrual cycle and ovulation?
Menstruation is 28 days long with ovulation occurring on day 14
Which one of the following hormone(s) stimulates/initiates follicular growth and stimulates ovarian follicles to secrete estrogen?
LH & FSH
Which one of the following hormones is responsible for causing ovulation?
LH
Which one of the following hormones stimulates the breasts to let down/eject milk?
oxytocin
Which one of the following hormonal triggers starts menstruation?
Blood levels of estrogen and progesterone decrease rapidly
Which anatomical subdivision of the uterus is described as the narrow portion that opens into the vagina?
cervix
Which one of the following sets of events is the CORRECT trigger for labor and delivery and allows its progression?
Increase in oxytocin, loss of estrogen and progesterone and mechanical forces
In which one of the following tissues does a fertilized ovum implant?
Endometrium
Which phase of the reproductive cycle has the dominate follicle becoming a mature (graafian) follicle which continues to enlarge?
Preovulatory phase
How long after fertilization does implantation occur?
6 days
What is the process called where a single nucleus develops from the sperm’s nucleus and the ovary’s nucleus?
Syngamy
During blastocyst development, what is the inner cell mast called?
Embryoblast
Which of the following is NOT a function of the amniotic fluid?
Provides oxygen and nutrients to the fetus
The chorion produces which hormone?
Human chorionic gonadotropin
At what week of fetal development does organogenesis begin?
week 4
Which somite region develops into the skeletal muscles of neck, trunk and limbs?
Myotome
Which one of the following statements regarding pregnancy is INCORRECT?
The fetus is fully formed in the 2nd month of development
Which of the following physiological changes during pregnancy is TRUE?
Increased frequency to urinate
During labor, which hormone released by the posterior pituitary stimulates uterine contraction?
oxytocin
Which of the following statements about Lactation is FALSE?
Fats and iron is absorbed less in breast milk and it has a higher sodium content
Which one of the following types of testicular torsion is a concern in newborn males?
Extravaginal torsion
Which one of the following terms describes inflammation of the testis?
Orchitis
Which one of the following statements regarding Epididymitis is FALSE?
The etiology of this condition is a chronically elevated testosterone level
In which one of the following age groups is testicular cancer the most common type of cancer found?
Males 15-35 years of age
Which one of the following statements regarding prostate cancer is TRUE?
Diets high in fat and altered sex hormone production can increase the risk of prostate cancer
Which one of the following yearly screening test is critical in early diagnosis of prostate cancer?
The PSA blood test
Which one of the following Sexually Transmitted Infections (STI) is a life-long recurrent infection?
Genital Herpes
Which one of the following STI’s is the etiology of cervical cancer?
HPV
Which one of the following symptoms is a common finding in both male and female STI infections?
Urinary tract infection
Which one of the following describes Endometriosis?
Endometrial tissue found in the pelvic cavity
Which one of the following factors predisposes women to the formation of pelvic inflammatory disease?
Women with multiple sexual partners
Which one of the following symptoms is the primary manifestation of Ovarian Cancer?
Gastrointestinal discomfort and bloating following eating
Which one of the following statements defines dysmenorrhea?
Pain or discomfort with menstruation
Which one of the following conditions is defined as inflammation of the breast?
Mastitis
Which one of the following statements regarding Breast Cancer is FALSE?
Mammograms can only find lesions larger than 1 centimeter
Which one of the following statements regarding infertility is TRUE?
A couples infertility is equally divided into 30% male factors, 30% female factors and 30% combined factors
Which of the following is NOT a male factor involved with infertility?
Increased number of sperm
Which disorder in pregnancy is when a pregnant woman develops high blood pressure and protein in the urine after the 20th week?
Pre-eclampsia
What is the best treatment for eclampsia?
Delivery of baby
