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Module 8 theory > GI AP > Flashcards

GI AP Flashcards

1
Q

Which one of the following structures is considered to be an accessory digestive organ?

A

Gall Bladder

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2
Q

From the esophagus to the anal canal, the walls of every organ of the alimentary canal are made up of the same four basic layers. Arrange the layers in order from the lumen.

A

Mucosa  submucosa  muscularis externa  serosa

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3
Q

Which of the following statements is CORRECT in regards to the Lesser Omentum?

A

Suspends the stomach and duodenum to the liver

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4
Q

Which of the following is true concerning the number and type of permanent teeth?

A

There are 32 permanent teeth and the wisdom teeth are the last to emerge

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5
Q

Which one of the following peritoneal folds binds the small intestine to the posterior abdominal wall?

A

Mesentery

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6
Q

Which of the following describes the location of the parotid salivary gland?

A

Anterior to the ear between the masseter muscle and overlying skin

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7
Q

The process of salivation is controlled by the:

A

Sympathetic Nervous System & Parasympathetic Nervous System

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8
Q

Active proton pumps and the formation of certain compounds are essential during the chemical digestion process in the stomach. Which of the following statements is INCORRECT in regards to this process?

A

Carbonic anhydrase enzyme catalyzes the formation of HCl in the luman of the stomach

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9
Q

Which of the four basic layers is NOT found in the Esophagus?

A

Serosa

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10
Q

Which of the following stimulates the cephalic phase of digestion?

A

The smell, sight, and taste of food

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11
Q

Which of the following exocrine gland cells secretes the digestive enzyme pepsinogen?

A

Chief cells of the stomach

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12
Q

Chyme is created in which of the following structures?

A

Stomach

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13
Q

Which of the following correctly describes peristalsis?

A

Waves of muscular contraction that propel contents from one point to another

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14
Q

Salivary amylase is an important digestive enzyme in the body. Initially, it is secreted in the oral cavity, but can remain active only under specific conditions. Which of the following statements is CORRECT in regards to salivary amylase?

A

Salivary amylase can be effective in the fundus if it does not mix with gastric acid

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15
Q

There are three histological features that increase the surface area in the small intestine. Which of the following consists of a brush border with enzymes that extends into the lumen of the small intestine?

A

Microvilli

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16
Q

The completion of the digestion process involves the collective effort of pancreatic juices, intestinal juices, and bile into the small intestine. Which of the following substances is digested from salivary and pancreatic amylase?

A

Digestion of Carbohydrates

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17
Q

The iliocecal valve is correctly described as:

A

The opening from the ileum to the large intestine

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18
Q

The defecation reflex in the large intestine ultimately involves the emptying of the rectum. Arrange the following sequences in order from the stimulus that activates this reflex. I. Sensory nerve impulses to sacral spinal cord; II. Contractions of rectal, diaphragm, and abdominal muscles; III. Distension in rectal wall;IV. Opens anal sphincter; V. Motor responses back to the colon

A

III, I, II, V, IV

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19
Q

Which of the following ligaments assists in suspending the liver in the abdominal cavity?

A

Falciform ligament

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20
Q

Which of the following statements is INCORRECT with respect to liver anatomy and physiology?

A

Blood and bile flow in parallel direction

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21
Q

Which of the following is FALSE regarding the ducts of the liver and gall bladder?

A

The cystic duct joins the hepatopancreatic duct to form the cystopancreatic duct

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22
Q

Hepatocytes are responsible for producing bile and excreting it into the small intestine. Arrange the following structure in sequence with respect to the passageway for bile into the small intestine. Start with the Bile canaliculi; I. Common hepatic duct; II. Bile ducts; III. Right and left bile ducts; IV. Common bile duct

A

II, III, I, IV

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23
Q

Ingestion of a meal high in fat would result in which one of the following?

A

Bile would be released by the gall bladder to emulsify the fat in the duodenum

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24
Q

Which one of the following does NOT serve as a duct through which pancreatic amylase arrives at the small intestine?

A

Cystic duct

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25
Q

What is Dysphagia?

A

Difficulty or inability to swallow

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26
Q

What is gastroesophageal reflux?

A

Reflux of stomach acids contents into the esophagus

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27
Q

Why is Helicobacter pylorus a common cause of most chronic gastritis?

A

Produces enzymes that interfere with gastric acidity

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28
Q

Which one of the following statements regarding Peptic Ulcers is CORRECT?

A

More commonly found in the duodenum

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29
Q

Which one of the following is associated with Crohn’s disease?

A

Presence of skip lesions with cobblestone appearance

30
Q

What symptom occurs when bilirubin builds up in the blood stream?

A

Jaundice

31
Q

Which Viral Hepatitis strain is contracted primarily through the fecal-oral route (ie. contaminated drinking water)?

A

Hepatitis A

32
Q

Which of the following diseases is commonly known as gallstones?

A

Cholelithiasis

33
Q

Which of the following membranous linings covers organ structures?

A

Visceral Peritoneum &Serosa layer

34
Q

Surgical cutting of the lingual frenulum would occur in which part of the body?

A

Tongue

35
Q

The muscle layer found in the Esophagus is divided into thirds based on muscle composition. Which of the following options contains skeletal muscle?

A

Superior and middle thirds of the Esophagus

36
Q

Which of the following statements in regards to the anatomy and physiology of the stomach is INCORRECT?

A

The stomach initiates and completes the digestion of starch

37
Q

What is the name of the portion of peritoneum resembling a fatty apron draped over the viscera?

A

The greater omentum

38
Q

The structure that separates the stomach from the small intestine is called the:

A

Pyloric sphincter

39
Q

What is the process that uses amphipathic bile salts to breakdown large lipid globules into several small lipid globules?

A

Emulsification

40
Q

What is the name of the terminal portion of the small intestine?

A

Ileum

41
Q

Which of the following organs is not considered to be Retroperitoneal?

A

Spleen

42
Q

What is the function of the hepatic portal circulation?

A

To collect absorbed nutrients for metabolic processing or storage

43
Q

Most dietary carbohydrates can be digested and absorbed. Which of the following are considered to be indigestible?

A

Cellulose

44
Q

Which of the following structures is NOT associated in the portal triad?

A

Hepatic vein

45
Q

Which of the following statements regarding metabolism is TRUE?

A

It can be defined as all the chemical reactions occurring in the body

46
Q

Phosphorylation is defined as:

A

The addition of phosphate to a molecule

47
Q

With the exception in the gastrointestinal tract, how does glucose move into most body cells?

A

Via facilitated diffusion

48
Q

Glycolysis occurs in the _____________ while the Krebs cycle occurs in the ____________

A

Cytosol; mitochondria

49
Q

Which one of the following metabolic pathways converts Acetyl CoA into CO2, ATP, NADH and FADH2?

A

Krebs cycle

50
Q

Which of the following correctly identifies the fate of pyruvic acid?

A

Lactic Acid and Acetyl CoA

51
Q

Which of the following reactions will occur if the body requires ATP and stored glycogen is readily available?

A

Glycogenolysis

52
Q

Which of the following DOES NOT stimulate gluconeogenesis?

A

Insulin

53
Q

Which one of the following lipoproteins prevents accumulation of cholesterol in the blood and is considered to be “good cholesterol”?

A

HDL

54
Q

Which of the following statements is CORRECT in regards to the glycogen breakdown pathways found in skeletal muscle and the liver?

A

In skeletal muscle, glycogen converts to a product from glycolysis (glucose 6-phophate), which then converts to pyuvic acid.

In skeletal muscle, an absent enzyme prevents the conversion of glycogen to glucose.

Hepatocytes in the liver are able to convert glycogen into glucose that can be transported.

55
Q

What is the correct definition of deamination?

A

The process of removing an amino group (NH2) from an amino acid

56
Q

Which one of the following is a primary function for carbohydrates?

A

To provide fuel for energy

57
Q

Which of the following statements is CORRECT with respect to metabolic adaptation in the Post-absorptive state?

A

Energy needs must be met by fuels already in the body

58
Q

The main metabolic challenge during the postabsorptive state is to maintain normal blood glucose levels. Which of the following systems are constantly in need of glucose for ATP production?

A

Nervous and Cardiovascular systems

59
Q

In a fasted state, which of the following WILL NOT occur?

A

Decrease in the formation of ketone bodies

60
Q

Which of the following terms transfers heat by movement of a gas or liquid?

A

Convection

61
Q

What is meant by the term hypervitaminosis?

A

Dietary intake of a vitamin that exceeds the ability of the body to utilize, store, or excrete the vitamin

62
Q

Antioxidant vitamins have the ability to inactivate oxygen free radicals and protect the body against some types of cancers. Which vitamins is considered to be an antioxidant?

A

Vitamin C

63
Q

Which vitamin is considered to be a coenzyme necessary for red blood cell production?

A

Vitamin B12

64
Q

A deficiency or disorder of this vitamin can potentially lead to night blindness or decreased ability for dark adaptation.

A

Vitamin A

65
Q

Vegetables, wheat, and grains are an example of what type of fiber

A

Insoluble fiber

66
Q

Which one of the following nutrients helps to prevent blood clots and thereby reduces the risk of heart disease?

A

Omega - 3 fat

67
Q

Which one of the following servings does Canada’s Food Guide suggest for daily fruits and vegetables?

A

7-10 servings

68
Q

Which one of the following processes occurs when sugar or grains are refined?

A

Incidence of cancer and diabetes increases

69
Q

Which one of the following nutritional changes is recommended to pregnant Canadian women?

A

To take a folic acid supplement prior to and during pregnancy

70
Q

Which one of the following is the etiology of anorexia nervosa?

A

Self-starvation

Module 8 theory (17 decks)

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