GI AP Flashcards
Which one of the following structures is considered to be an accessory digestive organ?
Gall Bladder
From the esophagus to the anal canal, the walls of every organ of the alimentary canal are made up of the same four basic layers. Arrange the layers in order from the lumen.
Mucosa submucosa muscularis externa serosa
Which of the following statements is CORRECT in regards to the Lesser Omentum?
Suspends the stomach and duodenum to the liver
Which of the following is true concerning the number and type of permanent teeth?
There are 32 permanent teeth and the wisdom teeth are the last to emerge
Which one of the following peritoneal folds binds the small intestine to the posterior abdominal wall?
Mesentery
Which of the following describes the location of the parotid salivary gland?
Anterior to the ear between the masseter muscle and overlying skin
The process of salivation is controlled by the:
Sympathetic Nervous System & Parasympathetic Nervous System
Active proton pumps and the formation of certain compounds are essential during the chemical digestion process in the stomach. Which of the following statements is INCORRECT in regards to this process?
Carbonic anhydrase enzyme catalyzes the formation of HCl in the luman of the stomach
Which of the four basic layers is NOT found in the Esophagus?
Serosa
Which of the following stimulates the cephalic phase of digestion?
The smell, sight, and taste of food
Which of the following exocrine gland cells secretes the digestive enzyme pepsinogen?
Chief cells of the stomach
Chyme is created in which of the following structures?
Stomach
Which of the following correctly describes peristalsis?
Waves of muscular contraction that propel contents from one point to another
Salivary amylase is an important digestive enzyme in the body. Initially, it is secreted in the oral cavity, but can remain active only under specific conditions. Which of the following statements is CORRECT in regards to salivary amylase?
Salivary amylase can be effective in the fundus if it does not mix with gastric acid
There are three histological features that increase the surface area in the small intestine. Which of the following consists of a brush border with enzymes that extends into the lumen of the small intestine?
Microvilli
The completion of the digestion process involves the collective effort of pancreatic juices, intestinal juices, and bile into the small intestine. Which of the following substances is digested from salivary and pancreatic amylase?
Digestion of Carbohydrates
The iliocecal valve is correctly described as:
The opening from the ileum to the large intestine
The defecation reflex in the large intestine ultimately involves the emptying of the rectum. Arrange the following sequences in order from the stimulus that activates this reflex. I. Sensory nerve impulses to sacral spinal cord; II. Contractions of rectal, diaphragm, and abdominal muscles; III. Distension in rectal wall;IV. Opens anal sphincter; V. Motor responses back to the colon
III, I, II, V, IV
Which of the following ligaments assists in suspending the liver in the abdominal cavity?
Falciform ligament
Which of the following statements is INCORRECT with respect to liver anatomy and physiology?
Blood and bile flow in parallel direction
Which of the following is FALSE regarding the ducts of the liver and gall bladder?
The cystic duct joins the hepatopancreatic duct to form the cystopancreatic duct
Hepatocytes are responsible for producing bile and excreting it into the small intestine. Arrange the following structure in sequence with respect to the passageway for bile into the small intestine. Start with the Bile canaliculi; I. Common hepatic duct; II. Bile ducts; III. Right and left bile ducts; IV. Common bile duct
II, III, I, IV
Ingestion of a meal high in fat would result in which one of the following?
Bile would be released by the gall bladder to emulsify the fat in the duodenum
Which one of the following does NOT serve as a duct through which pancreatic amylase arrives at the small intestine?
Cystic duct
What is Dysphagia?
Difficulty or inability to swallow
What is gastroesophageal reflux?
Reflux of stomach acids contents into the esophagus
Why is Helicobacter pylorus a common cause of most chronic gastritis?
Produces enzymes that interfere with gastric acidity
Which one of the following statements regarding Peptic Ulcers is CORRECT?
More commonly found in the duodenum
Which one of the following is associated with Crohn’s disease?
Presence of skip lesions with cobblestone appearance
What symptom occurs when bilirubin builds up in the blood stream?
Jaundice
Which Viral Hepatitis strain is contracted primarily through the fecal-oral route (ie. contaminated drinking water)?
Hepatitis A
Which of the following diseases is commonly known as gallstones?
Cholelithiasis
Which of the following membranous linings covers organ structures?
Visceral Peritoneum &Serosa layer
Surgical cutting of the lingual frenulum would occur in which part of the body?
Tongue
The muscle layer found in the Esophagus is divided into thirds based on muscle composition. Which of the following options contains skeletal muscle?
Superior and middle thirds of the Esophagus
Which of the following statements in regards to the anatomy and physiology of the stomach is INCORRECT?
The stomach initiates and completes the digestion of starch
What is the name of the portion of peritoneum resembling a fatty apron draped over the viscera?
The greater omentum
The structure that separates the stomach from the small intestine is called the:
Pyloric sphincter
What is the process that uses amphipathic bile salts to breakdown large lipid globules into several small lipid globules?
Emulsification
What is the name of the terminal portion of the small intestine?
Ileum
Which of the following organs is not considered to be Retroperitoneal?
Spleen
What is the function of the hepatic portal circulation?
To collect absorbed nutrients for metabolic processing or storage
Most dietary carbohydrates can be digested and absorbed. Which of the following are considered to be indigestible?
Cellulose
Which of the following structures is NOT associated in the portal triad?
Hepatic vein
Which of the following statements regarding metabolism is TRUE?
It can be defined as all the chemical reactions occurring in the body
Phosphorylation is defined as:
The addition of phosphate to a molecule
With the exception in the gastrointestinal tract, how does glucose move into most body cells?
Via facilitated diffusion
Glycolysis occurs in the _____________ while the Krebs cycle occurs in the ____________
Cytosol; mitochondria
Which one of the following metabolic pathways converts Acetyl CoA into CO2, ATP, NADH and FADH2?
Krebs cycle
Which of the following correctly identifies the fate of pyruvic acid?
Lactic Acid and Acetyl CoA
Which of the following reactions will occur if the body requires ATP and stored glycogen is readily available?
Glycogenolysis
Which of the following DOES NOT stimulate gluconeogenesis?
Insulin
Which one of the following lipoproteins prevents accumulation of cholesterol in the blood and is considered to be “good cholesterol”?
HDL
Which of the following statements is CORRECT in regards to the glycogen breakdown pathways found in skeletal muscle and the liver?
In skeletal muscle, glycogen converts to a product from glycolysis (glucose 6-phophate), which then converts to pyuvic acid.
In skeletal muscle, an absent enzyme prevents the conversion of glycogen to glucose.
Hepatocytes in the liver are able to convert glycogen into glucose that can be transported.
What is the correct definition of deamination?
The process of removing an amino group (NH2) from an amino acid
Which one of the following is a primary function for carbohydrates?
To provide fuel for energy
Which of the following statements is CORRECT with respect to metabolic adaptation in the Post-absorptive state?
Energy needs must be met by fuels already in the body
The main metabolic challenge during the postabsorptive state is to maintain normal blood glucose levels. Which of the following systems are constantly in need of glucose for ATP production?
Nervous and Cardiovascular systems
In a fasted state, which of the following WILL NOT occur?
Decrease in the formation of ketone bodies
Which of the following terms transfers heat by movement of a gas or liquid?
Convection
What is meant by the term hypervitaminosis?
Dietary intake of a vitamin that exceeds the ability of the body to utilize, store, or excrete the vitamin
Antioxidant vitamins have the ability to inactivate oxygen free radicals and protect the body against some types of cancers. Which vitamins is considered to be an antioxidant?
Vitamin C
Which vitamin is considered to be a coenzyme necessary for red blood cell production?
Vitamin B12
A deficiency or disorder of this vitamin can potentially lead to night blindness or decreased ability for dark adaptation.
Vitamin A
Vegetables, wheat, and grains are an example of what type of fiber
Insoluble fiber
Which one of the following nutrients helps to prevent blood clots and thereby reduces the risk of heart disease?
Omega - 3 fat
Which one of the following servings does Canada’s Food Guide suggest for daily fruits and vegetables?
7-10 servings
Which one of the following processes occurs when sugar or grains are refined?
Incidence of cancer and diabetes increases
Which one of the following nutritional changes is recommended to pregnant Canadian women?
To take a folic acid supplement prior to and during pregnancy
Which one of the following is the etiology of anorexia nervosa?
Self-starvation
