Cardiac, respiratory Flashcards
Which one of the following statements regarding the left lung is TRUE?
The left lung has two lobes and one fissure
Which of the following describes the exchange of gases between the alveoli of the lungs and the pulmonary capillaries?
External respiration
Which of the following describes the exchange of gases between the atmosphere and the lungs?
Pulmonary ventilation
In which of the following structures does the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide occur?
Alveolus
The respiratory zone consists of all of the following except:
Terminal bronchioles
Deep inhalations and deep exhalations utilize what lung volumes?
Tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, and expiratory reserve volume
Which of the following structures conducts the passage of air, food, and liquids?
Oropharynx and laryngopharynx
Which one of the following gas laws states: the volume of a gas varies inversely with its pressure?
Boyle’s Law
Which one of the following gas laws states: the solubility of a gas in a liquid is proportional to the partial pressure of the substance over the liquid?
Henry’s Law
Which of the following determines the direction of gas movement?
Partial pressure gradient
What is the function of cilia in the nasal cavities?
trap dust-filled mucus
Which of the following factors increase or improve hemoglobin’s affinity for Oxygen?
Low partial pressure of carbon dioxide
Which one of the following conditions does NOT affect the affinity of oxygen for hemoglobin?
The number of white blood cells
Which one of the following gas laws describes why humans are affected by altitude sickness or decompression sickness during diving?
Henry’s Law
Which one of the following lung capacities is described as: the volume of air moved in and out of the lungs in one breath while at rest?
Tidal volume
Which one of the following gases is found in the highest concentration in the air we breathe?
Nitrogen
Which one of the following statements describes the primary function of the Cerebral Cortex on our breathing?
The cortex allows voluntary alteration of our breathing pattern.
Which one of the following processes is defined as the diffusion of oxygen from the alveoli to the pulmonary capillaries and carbon dioxide from the capillary into the alveoli?
Pulmonary gas exchange
Which one of the following statements CORRECTLY describes Gas Exchange?
It is the movement of O2 into the tissues and the waste product CO2 out of the tissue.
Which one of the following conditions is responsible for normal exhalation?
Elastic recoil
Which one of the following muscles is the main muscle of respiration?
Diaphragm
Which one of the following cells produces surfactant in the lungs?
Type 2 alveolar cells
Which of the following is FALSE regarding the alveoli of the lungs?
The respiratory membrane is very thick in order to provide structural support to the alveoli
Which one of the following structures of the airway is called the voice box?
Larynx
Which one of the following structures of the airway is called the windpipe?
Trachea
Which one of the following structures of the airway is directly posterior to the oral cavity?
Oropharynx
Which one of the following anatomical structures is responsible for preventing dehydration during exhalation?
Nasal conchae and meatuses
Which one of the following cells is responsible for removing dust from the alveolar space?
Alveolar macrophage
Which one of the following statements indicates the purpose of an anastomosis?
The connection between arteries provides a redundant supply of oxygen to the tissues.
Which one of the following statements regarding the heart functioning as a pump is TRUE?
There is only 1 pump but 2 sides that supply blood to the lungs and blood to the body simultaneously
Which one of the following anatomical terms describes the interconnection of the ventricles of the heart?
Interventricular septum
Which one of the following terms describes the amount of blood ejected from the heart with each beat?
Stroke volume
Which of the following reflects the correct sequence of blood flow through the heart?
Left atrium bicuspid valve left ventricle aortic semilunar valve
Which of the following terms is the name of the relaxation phase of the ventricles?
Diastole
Which of the following statements correctly describes systemic circulation?
The volume of blood pumped to the body from the heart to deliver oxygen
The layer of simple squamous epithelium that lines the inside of the heart is called:
Endocardium
The layer of the heart that contracts and relaxes to propel blood through the heart is called:
Myocardium
The valve between the left ventricle and the blood vessel leaving the left ventricle is the:
Aortic semilunar valve
What is the name given to the smallest blood vessels in the body?
Capillaries
Blood pressure is highest in which of the following vessels?
Arteries
The pulse is a direct reflection of which of the following?
Heart beat
In the pulmonary circuit, the __________ half of the heart pumps __________ blood to the alveoli of the lungs, and then _____________ blood flows back to the heart.
Right; deoxygenated; oxygenated
Which of the following blood vessels begins at the level of T12, descends to the level of L4, runs parallel to the inferior vena cava, and follows the curvature of the lumbar curve?
Abdominal aorta
Branches of which of the following arteries will serve the arm and the hand?
Axillary
Which of the following veins is found in the lower limbs?
Great saphenous vein
Which one of the following arteries is found in the upper limbs?
Brachial artery
A blood clot formed within a blood vessel that breaks off from its place of origin and travels in the blood. This statement is a definition of which of the following?
Embolus
What is the name given to an immature, non-functioning red blood cell?
Reticulocyte
Which of the following structures in red blood cells give them their red colour?
Hemoglobin
Which of the following is the definition of erythropoiesis?
Iron
Which of the following is the advantage of anastomoses?
It provides an alternate pathway for blood to travel if another vessel is blocked
Which one of the following terms is defined as: the process of gel formation in a series of reactions forming fibrin threads?
Coagulation
Which of the following is the definition of erythropoiesis?
The formation red blood cells
Which of the following is TRUE regarding type B blood?
Has the B proteins on its red blood cell
Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding type O blood?
It has anti-A and anti-B antibodies in the plasma
Which of the following blood types is considered the “universal recipient”?
Type AB
Which of the following terms can be defined as a foreign substance to the body that triggers an immune response?
Antigens
Which one of the following specific defense mechanisms protects against foreign organisms that have infected body cells?
Cell-mediated immune system
Which one of the following immune cells directly terminates antigens?
Cytotoxic T cells
Immunoglobulins are also known as:
Antibodies
T cells require two signals to be activated. One signal is the binding of the antigen presented by the antigen presenting cell (APC). The other is the binding of:
Co-stimulators
Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding the immune system?
Antigens are specific proteins that destroy pathogens
Which of the following body systems is considered part of the immune system?
Lymphatic system
The maturation of T cells and the production of particular T cell receptors occurs in the:
Thymus gland
Which of the following occurs when immune cells lose self-tolerance?
Autoimmunity develops
Which one of the following conditions is described as an abnormally low platelet count?
Thrombocytopenia
Which clinical manifestation of the common cold is seen in children but NOT commonly seen in adults?
Fever
Which of the following statements regarding Influenza is TRUE?
Young children are most likely to become infected
Which one of the following processes identifies why patients with pulmonary embolisms have very few and mild symptoms?
The lungs have redundant or collateral blood circulation
Which one of the following micronutrients is NOT implicated in deficient red blood cell production?
Vitamin A
Which one of the following serious conditions is described as retrograde pressure on the right ventricle that leads to hypertrophy of the right ventricle and creates chronic pulmonary hypertension?
Cor pulmonale
Which one of the following locations is the most likely source of a pulmonary embolism?
Deep Vein in the legs
Which one of the following terms is defined as: difficulty breathing?
Dyspnea
Which one of the following organs or tissues is affected by the Tetralogy of Fallot?
The heart
Which one of the following diseases causes severe chronic fluid secretion in the respiratory, gastrointestinal and reproductive systems in children?
Cystic Fibrosis
Which one of the following conditions can be the result of chronic exercise?
Compartment syndrome
Which one of the following diseases is a permanent dilatation of one or more bronchi placing pressure on neighboring bronchi?
Bronchiectasis
Which one of the following statements describes Asthma?
Reactive airways disorder due to inflammation
Which adaptive mechanism does NOT occur during chronic inflammation in the respiratory system?
It triggers increased growth of alveoli to handle the demand of cell damage
Which one of the following conditions is defined as: air entering the pleural cavity?
Pneumothorax
Which one of the following statements CORRECTLY describes Essential Hypertension?
A chronic elevation of blood pressure in an otherwise healthy person
Which one of the following anatomical changes is found with the disease Emphysema?
SCM hypertrophies, shoulder elevate & expansion of the rib cage occurs
Which one of the following lists of manifestations occurs with an asthma attack?
Dyspnea and wheezing with difficulty exhaling
Which one of the following hypersensitivity reactions is occurring in the blood of an individual with contact dermatitis?
Type IV - T-cell mediated hypersensitivity
Which one of the following statements identifies the function of ‘pursed lip breathing’ in Emphysema?
This action ‘holds the airway open’ and prevents alveolar collapse
Which one of the following processes is unique to the condition Bronchitis?
Inflammation of one or more bronchi
Which condition results when emphysema, bronchitis or asthma becomes a chronic event?
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disorder
Which one of the following statements identifies the etiology of Pneumoconioses?
There is inhalation of inorganic dusts and particulate matter such as asbestos
Which one of the following conditions is caused by bacteria, viruses and non infectious agents that lead to inflammation of the bronchioles and alveoli?
Pneumonia
Which one of the following statements describes the etiology of respiratory distress syndrome (RDS)?
There is pulmonary immaturity and surfactant deficiency leading to alveolar collapse
Which one of the following pathologies develops from incompetent valves then venous stasis, congestion, edema and finally thrombosis formation?
Varicose Veins
Which one of the following conditions begins with symptoms of fever, myalgia, sore throat, retro-orbital pain, photophobia, lymphadenopathy, maculopapular rash and headache?
HIV
Which one of the following congenital cardiac defect is known as a “hole in the heart”?
Atrial Septal Defect
Which Chromosomal Disorder results in boys that carry an extra ‘X’ chromosome and develop female characteristics?
Klinefelter’s syndrome
Which one of the following symptoms is NOT found in Angina Pectoris?
left arm radiation
Which one of the following conditions is defined as: a failure of the heart to pump blood efficiently resulting in a build up of fluid in the bodies’ tissues?
Congestive heart failure
Which one of the following conditions is described as: ischemic death of myocardial tissue due to atherosclerotic disease of the coronary arteries?
Myocardial infarction
Which one of the following terms defines a gene pair; one from the mother and one from the father?
Alleles
Which one of the following terms describes a biochemical event such as a deletion that produces new alleles?
Gene Mutation
Which one of the following genes is responsible for a sex-linked disorder?
The ‘X’ chromosome
When do chromosomal disorders occur?
During meiosis of a fertilized ovum
In Autosomal dominant disorders what chance does an affected parent have of passing on a mutant gene?
50% chance
In which one of the following situations will a child express an Autosomal Recessive Disorder?
If both parents are carriers of the gene
Which one of the following genetic disease results from a connective tissue disorder causing elongated limbs, fingers hyperflexion of the joints and heart conditions?
Marfan’s Syndrome
Which Chromosomal Disorder is caused by a trisomy of chromosome 21 resulting in altered facial features, mental retardation and lax joints?
Down Syndrome
Which one of the following statements regarding heart failure is FALSE?
The heart can not adapt during heart failure by any means thus death occurs within days
When is the “Period of Vulnerability” as it relates to the effect of chemicals on fetal development?
Day 15-60
Which one of the following vitamins do pregnant women take prior to and during pregnancy to prevent neural tube disorders?
Folic acid
Which one of the following genetic diseases is caused by a liver enzyme deficiency resulting in mental retardation and delayed speech?
PKU
Which one of the following statements describes angiogenesis?
Growth of blood vessels
Which one of the following types of shock is described by the loss of blood vessel tone, enlargement or vascular compartment, and displacement of vascular volume away from the heart and central circulation?
Distributive Shock
Which one of the following term is means an increase in the number of cells growth?
Hyperplasia
Which one of the following terms is defined as a swelling due to inflammation or trauma?
Tumor
When naming a tumor, what is the suffix added to the tissue type?
oma
Which one of the following statements describes a Teratogenic agent?
An environmental agent that produces abnormalities during fetal development
Which one of the following characteristics describes a malignant neoplasm?
It invades the blood and lymph stream
Which one of the following types of tumor grows in a capsule and can compress nearby structures?
Benign Tumors
Which one of the following terms describes the process when normal cells turn into cancer cells?
Oncogenesis
Which of the following terms describes a chemical agent that is capable of causing cancer in the body?
Carcinogen
What is anorexia-cachexia syndrome?
A wasting disorder due the growth of cancer
Which one of the following events must occur for any tumor to enlarge and its cells to spread?
Angiogenesis in the tumor
Which one of the following is NOT a treatment for cancer?
Massage therapy
Which one of the following is a type of bone cancer?
Chondrosacroma
Which one of the following as a symptom of bone cancer?
Worsening pain at night in the affected area
What type of tumor is present if the symptoms include no pain, no palpable mass and an unexplained bone fracture?
Benign bone tumor
What is Metastatic Bone Disease?
Cancer that has spread to the bone from an other site like the breast or prostate
Which of the following is not a type of non-small cell lung cancer?
Basal cell carcinoma
Which form of treatment is the only treatment used for Small Cell Lung Cancer?
Chemotherapy
Which of the following diseases is a risk factor for colon cancer?
Ulcerative colitis
All of the following are symptoms of colon cancer. Which symptom is considered a “late symptom”?
Pain
Nevi that have the capacity to turn into malignant melanomas are called:
Dyplastic nevi
Which of the following is NOT a risk of malignant melanoma?
Cigarette smoking
Which of the following types of cancer primarily occur on areas that are not exposed to sun?
Basal cell carcinoma
Hormonal influences that promote breast maturation and may increase the chance of cell mutation include all of the following EXCEPT:
Late menarche
When skin ages what event creates wrinkles, weakening the skin?
Loss of fibroblasts that form collagen and elastic fiber
During the aging process, which one of the following event describes electrons being ‘stolen’ from proteins and lipids?
Free radical formation
What part of a chromosome is lost over time contributing to the aging of cells?
Telomeres at the ends of chromosomes
Which one of the following symptoms occurs in delirium?
Agitation, disorientation and fearlessness
Which one of the following events does NOT occur in aging muscles?
Increased reflexes
Which one of the following changes in physiology will occur when joints age?
Weakening of the joint capsule
