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Module 8 theory > Cardiac, respiratory > Flashcards

Cardiac, respiratory Flashcards

1
Q

Which one of the following statements regarding the left lung is TRUE?

A

The left lung has two lobes and one fissure

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2
Q

Which of the following describes the exchange of gases between the alveoli of the lungs and the pulmonary capillaries?

A

External respiration

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3
Q

Which of the following describes the exchange of gases between the atmosphere and the lungs?

A

Pulmonary ventilation

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4
Q

In which of the following structures does the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide occur?

A

Alveolus

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5
Q

The respiratory zone consists of all of the following except:

A

Terminal bronchioles

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6
Q

Deep inhalations and deep exhalations utilize what lung volumes?

A

Tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, and expiratory reserve volume

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7
Q

Which of the following structures conducts the passage of air, food, and liquids?

A

Oropharynx and laryngopharynx

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8
Q

Which one of the following gas laws states: the volume of a gas varies inversely with its pressure?

A

Boyle’s Law

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9
Q

Which one of the following gas laws states: the solubility of a gas in a liquid is proportional to the partial pressure of the substance over the liquid?

A

Henry’s Law

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10
Q

Which of the following determines the direction of gas movement?

A

Partial pressure gradient

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11
Q

What is the function of cilia in the nasal cavities?

A

trap dust-filled mucus

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12
Q

Which of the following factors increase or improve hemoglobin’s affinity for Oxygen?

A

Low partial pressure of carbon dioxide

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13
Q

Which one of the following conditions does NOT affect the affinity of oxygen for hemoglobin?

A

The number of white blood cells

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14
Q

Which one of the following gas laws describes why humans are affected by altitude sickness or decompression sickness during diving?

A

Henry’s Law

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15
Q

Which one of the following lung capacities is described as: the volume of air moved in and out of the lungs in one breath while at rest?

A

Tidal volume

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16
Q

Which one of the following gases is found in the highest concentration in the air we breathe?

A

Nitrogen

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17
Q

Which one of the following statements describes the primary function of the Cerebral Cortex on our breathing?

A

The cortex allows voluntary alteration of our breathing pattern.

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18
Q

Which one of the following processes is defined as the diffusion of oxygen from the alveoli to the pulmonary capillaries and carbon dioxide from the capillary into the alveoli?

A

Pulmonary gas exchange

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19
Q

Which one of the following statements CORRECTLY describes Gas Exchange?

A

It is the movement of O2 into the tissues and the waste product CO2 out of the tissue.

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20
Q

Which one of the following conditions is responsible for normal exhalation?

A

Elastic recoil

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21
Q

Which one of the following muscles is the main muscle of respiration?

A

Diaphragm

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22
Q

Which one of the following cells produces surfactant in the lungs?

A

Type 2 alveolar cells

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23
Q

Which of the following is FALSE regarding the alveoli of the lungs?

A

The respiratory membrane is very thick in order to provide structural support to the alveoli

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24
Q

Which one of the following structures of the airway is called the voice box?

A

Larynx

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25
Q

Which one of the following structures of the airway is called the windpipe?

A

Trachea

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26
Q

Which one of the following structures of the airway is directly posterior to the oral cavity?

A

Oropharynx

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27
Q

Which one of the following anatomical structures is responsible for preventing dehydration during exhalation?

A

Nasal conchae and meatuses

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28
Q

Which one of the following cells is responsible for removing dust from the alveolar space?

A

Alveolar macrophage

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29
Q

Which one of the following statements indicates the purpose of an anastomosis?

A

The connection between arteries provides a redundant supply of oxygen to the tissues.

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30
Q

Which one of the following statements regarding the heart functioning as a pump is TRUE?

A

There is only 1 pump but 2 sides that supply blood to the lungs and blood to the body simultaneously

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31
Q

Which one of the following anatomical terms describes the interconnection of the ventricles of the heart?

A

Interventricular septum

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32
Q

Which one of the following terms describes the amount of blood ejected from the heart with each beat?

A

Stroke volume

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33
Q

Which of the following reflects the correct sequence of blood flow through the heart?

A

Left atrium  bicuspid valve  left ventricle  aortic semilunar valve

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34
Q

Which of the following terms is the name of the relaxation phase of the ventricles?

A

Diastole

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35
Q

Which of the following statements correctly describes systemic circulation?

A

The volume of blood pumped to the body from the heart to deliver oxygen

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36
Q

The layer of simple squamous epithelium that lines the inside of the heart is called:

A

Endocardium

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37
Q

The layer of the heart that contracts and relaxes to propel blood through the heart is called:

A

Myocardium

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38
Q

The valve between the left ventricle and the blood vessel leaving the left ventricle is the:

A

Aortic semilunar valve

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39
Q

What is the name given to the smallest blood vessels in the body?

A

Capillaries

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40
Q

Blood pressure is highest in which of the following vessels?

A

Arteries

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41
Q

The pulse is a direct reflection of which of the following?

A

Heart beat

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42
Q

In the pulmonary circuit, the __________ half of the heart pumps __________ blood to the alveoli of the lungs, and then _____________ blood flows back to the heart.

A

Right; deoxygenated; oxygenated

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43
Q

Which of the following blood vessels begins at the level of T12, descends to the level of L4, runs parallel to the inferior vena cava, and follows the curvature of the lumbar curve?

A

Abdominal aorta

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44
Q

Branches of which of the following arteries will serve the arm and the hand?

A

Axillary

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45
Q

Which of the following veins is found in the lower limbs?

A

Great saphenous vein

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46
Q

Which one of the following arteries is found in the upper limbs?

A

Brachial artery

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47
Q

A blood clot formed within a blood vessel that breaks off from its place of origin and travels in the blood. This statement is a definition of which of the following?

A

Embolus

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48
Q

What is the name given to an immature, non-functioning red blood cell?

A

Reticulocyte

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49
Q

Which of the following structures in red blood cells give them their red colour?

A

Hemoglobin

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50
Q

Which of the following is the definition of erythropoiesis?

A

Iron

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51
Q

Which of the following is the advantage of anastomoses?

A

It provides an alternate pathway for blood to travel if another vessel is blocked

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52
Q

Which one of the following terms is defined as: the process of gel formation in a series of reactions forming fibrin threads?

A

Coagulation

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53
Q

Which of the following is the definition of erythropoiesis?

A

The formation red blood cells

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54
Q

Which of the following is TRUE regarding type B blood?

A

Has the B proteins on its red blood cell

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55
Q

Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding type O blood?

A

It has anti-A and anti-B antibodies in the plasma

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56
Q

Which of the following blood types is considered the “universal recipient”?

A

Type AB

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57
Q

Which of the following terms can be defined as a foreign substance to the body that triggers an immune response?

A

Antigens

58
Q

Which one of the following specific defense mechanisms protects against foreign organisms that have infected body cells?

A

Cell-mediated immune system

59
Q

Which one of the following immune cells directly terminates antigens?

A

Cytotoxic T cells

60
Q

Immunoglobulins are also known as:

A

Antibodies

61
Q

T cells require two signals to be activated. One signal is the binding of the antigen presented by the antigen presenting cell (APC). The other is the binding of:

A

Co-stimulators

62
Q

Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding the immune system?

A

Antigens are specific proteins that destroy pathogens

63
Q

Which of the following body systems is considered part of the immune system?

A

Lymphatic system

64
Q

The maturation of T cells and the production of particular T cell receptors occurs in the:

A

Thymus gland

65
Q

Which of the following occurs when immune cells lose self-tolerance?

A

Autoimmunity develops

66
Q

Which one of the following conditions is described as an abnormally low platelet count?

A

Thrombocytopenia

67
Q

Which clinical manifestation of the common cold is seen in children but NOT commonly seen in adults?

A

Fever

68
Q

Which of the following statements regarding Influenza is TRUE?

A

Young children are most likely to become infected

69
Q

Which one of the following processes identifies why patients with pulmonary embolisms have very few and mild symptoms?

A

The lungs have redundant or collateral blood circulation

70
Q

Which one of the following micronutrients is NOT implicated in deficient red blood cell production?

A

Vitamin A

71
Q

Which one of the following serious conditions is described as retrograde pressure on the right ventricle that leads to hypertrophy of the right ventricle and creates chronic pulmonary hypertension?

A

Cor pulmonale

72
Q

Which one of the following locations is the most likely source of a pulmonary embolism?

A

Deep Vein in the legs

73
Q

Which one of the following terms is defined as: difficulty breathing?

A

Dyspnea

74
Q

Which one of the following organs or tissues is affected by the Tetralogy of Fallot?

A

The heart

75
Q

Which one of the following diseases causes severe chronic fluid secretion in the respiratory, gastrointestinal and reproductive systems in children?

A

Cystic Fibrosis

76
Q

Which one of the following conditions can be the result of chronic exercise?

A

Compartment syndrome

77
Q

Which one of the following diseases is a permanent dilatation of one or more bronchi placing pressure on neighboring bronchi?

A

Bronchiectasis

78
Q

Which one of the following statements describes Asthma?

A

Reactive airways disorder due to inflammation

79
Q

Which adaptive mechanism does NOT occur during chronic inflammation in the respiratory system?

A

It triggers increased growth of alveoli to handle the demand of cell damage

80
Q

Which one of the following conditions is defined as: air entering the pleural cavity?

A

Pneumothorax

81
Q

Which one of the following statements CORRECTLY describes Essential Hypertension?

A

A chronic elevation of blood pressure in an otherwise healthy person

82
Q

Which one of the following anatomical changes is found with the disease Emphysema?

A

SCM hypertrophies, shoulder elevate & expansion of the rib cage occurs

83
Q

Which one of the following lists of manifestations occurs with an asthma attack?

A

Dyspnea and wheezing with difficulty exhaling

84
Q

Which one of the following hypersensitivity reactions is occurring in the blood of an individual with contact dermatitis?

A

Type IV - T-cell mediated hypersensitivity

85
Q

Which one of the following statements identifies the function of ‘pursed lip breathing’ in Emphysema?

A

This action ‘holds the airway open’ and prevents alveolar collapse

86
Q

Which one of the following processes is unique to the condition Bronchitis?

A

Inflammation of one or more bronchi

87
Q

Which condition results when emphysema, bronchitis or asthma becomes a chronic event?

A

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disorder

88
Q

Which one of the following statements identifies the etiology of Pneumoconioses?

A

There is inhalation of inorganic dusts and particulate matter such as asbestos

89
Q

Which one of the following conditions is caused by bacteria, viruses and non infectious agents that lead to inflammation of the bronchioles and alveoli?

A

Pneumonia

90
Q

Which one of the following statements describes the etiology of respiratory distress syndrome (RDS)?

A

There is pulmonary immaturity and surfactant deficiency leading to alveolar collapse

91
Q

Which one of the following pathologies develops from incompetent valves then venous stasis, congestion, edema and finally thrombosis formation?

A

Varicose Veins

92
Q

Which one of the following conditions begins with symptoms of fever, myalgia, sore throat, retro-orbital pain, photophobia, lymphadenopathy, maculopapular rash and headache?

A

HIV

93
Q

Which one of the following congenital cardiac defect is known as a “hole in the heart”?

A

Atrial Septal Defect

94
Q

Which Chromosomal Disorder results in boys that carry an extra ‘X’ chromosome and develop female characteristics?

A

Klinefelter’s syndrome

95
Q

Which one of the following symptoms is NOT found in Angina Pectoris?

A

left arm radiation

96
Q

Which one of the following conditions is defined as: a failure of the heart to pump blood efficiently resulting in a build up of fluid in the bodies’ tissues?

A

Congestive heart failure

97
Q

Which one of the following conditions is described as: ischemic death of myocardial tissue due to atherosclerotic disease of the coronary arteries?

A

Myocardial infarction

98
Q

Which one of the following terms defines a gene pair; one from the mother and one from the father?

A

Alleles

99
Q

Which one of the following terms describes a biochemical event such as a deletion that produces new alleles?

A

Gene Mutation

100
Q

Which one of the following genes is responsible for a sex-linked disorder?

A

The ‘X’ chromosome

101
Q

When do chromosomal disorders occur?

A

During meiosis of a fertilized ovum

102
Q

In Autosomal dominant disorders what chance does an affected parent have of passing on a mutant gene?

A

50% chance

103
Q

In which one of the following situations will a child express an Autosomal Recessive Disorder?

A

If both parents are carriers of the gene

104
Q

Which one of the following genetic disease results from a connective tissue disorder causing elongated limbs, fingers hyperflexion of the joints and heart conditions?

A

Marfan’s Syndrome

105
Q

Which Chromosomal Disorder is caused by a trisomy of chromosome 21 resulting in altered facial features, mental retardation and lax joints?

A

Down Syndrome

106
Q

Which one of the following statements regarding heart failure is FALSE?

A

The heart can not adapt during heart failure by any means thus death occurs within days

107
Q

When is the “Period of Vulnerability” as it relates to the effect of chemicals on fetal development?

A

Day 15-60

108
Q

Which one of the following vitamins do pregnant women take prior to and during pregnancy to prevent neural tube disorders?

A

Folic acid

109
Q

Which one of the following genetic diseases is caused by a liver enzyme deficiency resulting in mental retardation and delayed speech?

A

PKU

110
Q

Which one of the following statements describes angiogenesis?

A

Growth of blood vessels

111
Q

Which one of the following types of shock is described by the loss of blood vessel tone, enlargement or vascular compartment, and displacement of vascular volume away from the heart and central circulation?

A

Distributive Shock

112
Q

Which one of the following term is means an increase in the number of cells growth?

A

Hyperplasia

113
Q

Which one of the following terms is defined as a swelling due to inflammation or trauma?

A

Tumor

114
Q

When naming a tumor, what is the suffix added to the tissue type?

A

oma

115
Q

Which one of the following statements describes a Teratogenic agent?

A

An environmental agent that produces abnormalities during fetal development

116
Q

Which one of the following characteristics describes a malignant neoplasm?

A

It invades the blood and lymph stream

117
Q

Which one of the following types of tumor grows in a capsule and can compress nearby structures?

A

Benign Tumors

118
Q

Which one of the following terms describes the process when normal cells turn into cancer cells?

A

Oncogenesis

119
Q

Which of the following terms describes a chemical agent that is capable of causing cancer in the body?

A

Carcinogen

120
Q

What is anorexia-cachexia syndrome?

A

A wasting disorder due the growth of cancer

121
Q

Which one of the following events must occur for any tumor to enlarge and its cells to spread?

A

Angiogenesis in the tumor

122
Q

Which one of the following is NOT a treatment for cancer?

A

Massage therapy

123
Q

Which one of the following is a type of bone cancer?

A

Chondrosacroma

124
Q

Which one of the following as a symptom of bone cancer?

A

Worsening pain at night in the affected area

125
Q

What type of tumor is present if the symptoms include no pain, no palpable mass and an unexplained bone fracture?

A

Benign bone tumor

126
Q

What is Metastatic Bone Disease?

A

Cancer that has spread to the bone from an other site like the breast or prostate

127
Q

Which of the following is not a type of non-small cell lung cancer?

A

Basal cell carcinoma

128
Q

Which form of treatment is the only treatment used for Small Cell Lung Cancer?

A

Chemotherapy

129
Q

Which of the following diseases is a risk factor for colon cancer?

A

Ulcerative colitis

130
Q

All of the following are symptoms of colon cancer. Which symptom is considered a “late symptom”?

A

Pain

131
Q

Nevi that have the capacity to turn into malignant melanomas are called:

A

Dyplastic nevi

132
Q

Which of the following is NOT a risk of malignant melanoma?

A

Cigarette smoking

133
Q

Which of the following types of cancer primarily occur on areas that are not exposed to sun?

A

Basal cell carcinoma

134
Q

Hormonal influences that promote breast maturation and may increase the chance of cell mutation include all of the following EXCEPT:

A

Late menarche

135
Q

When skin ages what event creates wrinkles, weakening the skin?

A

Loss of fibroblasts that form collagen and elastic fiber

136
Q

During the aging process, which one of the following event describes electrons being ‘stolen’ from proteins and lipids?

A

Free radical formation

137
Q

What part of a chromosome is lost over time contributing to the aging of cells?

A

Telomeres at the ends of chromosomes

138
Q

Which one of the following symptoms occurs in delirium?

A

Agitation, disorientation and fearlessness

139
Q

Which one of the following events does NOT occur in aging muscles?

A

Increased reflexes

140
Q

Which one of the following changes in physiology will occur when joints age?

A

Weakening of the joint capsule

Module 8 theory (17 decks)

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