Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

TCU A+P > Receptors and Reflexes > Flashcards

Receptors and Reflexes Flashcards

1
Q

what is the definition fo a receptor

A

any structure specialized to detect a stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

if a stimulus is strong enough it will create a __ on the __

A

postsynaptic potential, sensory neuron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

it is an __ if you become aware of the stimulus

A

EPSP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

an ___ is any receptor monitoring something outside the body and are found within__

A

exteroreceptor, the mouth, lungs, and gut because they lead to the outside.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

an ___ is only looking at stimuli that is occurring inside the body.

A

interoreceptor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

anytime a receptor undergoes __ it can alter its sensitivity to that stimulus.

A

adaptation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

___ are fast fast adapting while __ are slow adapting but generate signals more steadily.

A

phasic receptors, tonic receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

a __ is a quick and involuntary response to a stimulus

A

reflex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

___ reflexes are reflexes we are born with

A

somatic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

a __ involves a stimulus or sensory neuron that carries it to gray matter and integrates sometimes with an interneuron then to a motor neuron leading to an effector organ.

A

reflex arc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

__contain vesicles containing neurotransmitters.

A

varicosities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Any reflex arc that lacks an __ is considered a monosynaptic reflex arc.

A

interneuron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Reflexes that have one or more ___ are polysynaptic reflex arc.

A

interneurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is the stimulus for a stretch reflex

A

stretch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

a muscle spindle is composed of how many muscle fibers

A

3-10

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

a muscle spindle is the location of __

A

receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

do intramural fibers cause movement of the joints when they contract?

A

no, but they can change the length of the muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

In order for muscle spindle to be sensitive it needs to ____. This is when reflex arcs are being put into use.

A

adjust in length as muscles are being stretched

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

the ___sensory is the only one that can monitor the rate of stretch.

A

primary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

do both primary and secondary sensory monitor degree?

A

yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

does alpha or gamma cause contraction?

A

alpha

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

the __ reflex causes contraction and the ___causes relaxation of the antagonist.

A

monosynaptic, polysynaptic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

define reciprocal activation

A

activation of the antagonistic muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

a __ is any structure specialized to detect a stimulus

A

receptor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

a receptor is classified as part of the ___ system

A

peripheral nervous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

most receptors are the receptive endings of __

A

unipolar, first-order neurons.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

the receptors are found on __ and __ neurons

A

somatic sensory and visceral sensory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

The stimulus will cause a ___ on the sensory neuron.

A

postsynaptic potential

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

The intensity of a stimulus is encoded by ___

A

the sensory neuron(s) transmitting the sense to the CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

A weak stimulus only stimulates __

A

neurons with the greatest sensitivity.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

As stimulus intensity rises___ will be stimulated, the frequency of nerve impulses ___, and the ___of nerve fibers will take place.

A

less sensitive neurons, increases, recruitment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

The __ is the particular region monitored by a single sensory neuron, large ___ is often associated with less acute two-point discrimination.

A

receptive field,

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

The __ receptor field is often associated with more acute two-point discrimination.

A

smaller

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Sensory receptors are capable of transmitting what four kinds of information?

A

modality (the kind of stimulus), location, intensity, and duration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Mechanoreceptors respond to

A

mechanical force; touch, vibration, pressure, stretch.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Thermoreceptors respond to changes in

A

temperature both internal and external.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Photoreceptors respond to

A

light

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Chemoreceptors respond to

A

chemicals in the air we breathe, our food, our blood and intestinal fluids.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Osmoreceptors respond to changes in

A

blood osmolarity.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Baroreceptors respond to changes in

A

blood pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Nociceptors respond to

A

stimuli which would result in pain.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Exteroreceptors detect stimuli

A

external to the body.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Interoceptors detect stimuli

A

located inside the internal viscera and blood vessels.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Proprioceptors detect changes in

A

position and body movement; skeletal muscles, ligaments, tendons, joints and connective tissue covering bones and muscles.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Duration of a stimulus is encoded by

A

changes in firing frequency with the passage of time.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Most receptors can undergo

A

sensory adaption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Adaptation is

A

a change in sensitivity in the presence of a constant stimulus.

48
Q

If the stimulus is prolonged, the firing of the neuron gets__over time, and we become ___ aware of the stimulus.

A

slower, less

49
Q

__receptors are fast adapting and transmit a burst of impulses at the onset of stimulation then cease firing despite continuation of the stimulus

A

phasic

50
Q

__ receptors include smell, hair, movement, and pressure

A

phasic

51
Q

__receptors adapt more slowly and generate signals more steadily.

A

Tonic

52
Q

__ are the most slowly adapting tonic receptors.

A

Proprioceptors

53
Q

Sensory receptors are classified by receptor __

A

structure.`

54
Q

___ or free nerve endings are receptive endings of unipolar sensory neurons which are often associated with epithelial tissues.

A

nonencapsulated

55
Q

__nerve endings are one or more fiber terminals of sensory neurons enclosed in a connective tissue capsule

A

encapsulated

56
Q

Receptors of special senses are usually associated with a __

A

specialized sensory organ such as the cochlea of the ear, retina of the eye, etc.

57
Q

are tactile corpuscles inter, proprio, or exteroreceptors

A

exteroreceptors

58
Q

what kind of modality is a tactile corpuscle

A

mechanoreceptor

59
Q

are lamellar corpuscles inter, proprio, or exteroreceptors

A

all three

60
Q

are tactile corpuscles rapidly or slowly adapting

A

rapidly

61
Q

what modality are lamellar corpuscles

A

mechanoreceptors

62
Q

are lamellar corpuscles rapid or slow adapting

A

rapid

63
Q

are bulbous corpuscles inter, proprio, or exteroreceptors

A

extra and proprioreceptors

64
Q

are muscle spindles inter, proprio, or exteroreceptors

A

proprioreceptors

65
Q

are tendon organs inter, proprio, or exteroreceptors

A

proprioreceptors

66
Q

are joint kinesthetic receptors inter, proprio, or exteroreceptors

A

proprioreceptors

67
Q

are free nerve endings of sensory neurons inter, proprio, or exteroreceptors

A

all three

68
Q

are modified free nerve endings or tactile discs inter, proprio, or exteroreceptors

A

exteroreceptors

69
Q

are hair follicle receptors inter, proprio, or exteroreceptors

A

exterorecptors

70
Q

what modality are bulbous corpuscles

A

mechanoreceptors

71
Q

what modality are muscle spindles

A

mechanoreceptors

72
Q

what modality are tendon organs

A

mechanoreceptors

73
Q

what modality are joint kinesthetic receptors

A

mechano and nociceptors

74
Q

what modality are free nerve endings of sensory neurons

A

thermoreceptors, chemoreceptors, mechanoreceptors, and nociceptors

75
Q

what modality are tactile discs

A

mechanoreceptors

76
Q

what modality are hard follicle receptors

A

mechanoreceptors

77
Q

are bulbous corpuscles rapid or slow adapting

A

rapid

78
Q

are tactile discs rapid or slow adapting

A

slow

79
Q

are hair follicle receptors rapid or slow adapting

A

rapid

80
Q

reflexes require stimulation of __

A

specific receptors

81
Q

reflexes are quick and involuntary meaning they do not require the involvement of the ___and they are stereotypes meaning ___

A

primary motor cortex , they occur the same way every time.

82
Q

__ reflexes are those that are learned.

A

Conditioned

83
Q

__are unlearned reflexes which affect skeletal muscles

A

Somatic reflexes

84
Q

___ are unlearned reflexes of the cardiac muscle, smooth muscles, and glands.

A

Autonomic reflexes

85
Q

___ are reflexes which lack an interneuron in the spinal cord gray matters.

A

Monosynaptic reflex arc

86
Q

___ synapse directly on efferent motor neurons and are very prompt responses.

A

Afferent neurons

87
Q

___ are reflex arcs that travel over many synapses and often involve one or more interneurons and allow for more delayed reflex responses.

A

Polysynaptic reflex arc

88
Q

what is the purpose of stretch reflexes

A

to maintain equilibrium and body posture by “setting” the appropriate length of a muscle

89
Q

what is a good example of a stretch reflex

A

tendon reflex, receptor type is a muscle spindle, and a stimulus is stretch activates the sensory neurons of the muscle spindles.

90
Q

The length of skeletal muscles, ligaments and tendons are monitored by specialized receptors called __

A

proprioceptors.

91
Q

___wrap around the muscle spindle center

A

Primary sensory fibers

92
Q

primary sensory fibers monitor both __ and __ of stretch and are __adapting

A

rate, degree, fast

93
Q

___wrap around the poles of the muscle fibers

A

Secondary sensory fibers

94
Q

Secondary sensory fibers are __adapting, and monitor what of the muscle fibers

A

non, length

95
Q

The incoming sensory fibers form both __ and __-synapses in the spinal cord.

A

polysynaptic, monosynaptic

96
Q

__ is when the somatic sensory neurons activate somatic motor neurons which innervate the stretch muscle.

A

Monosynaptic reflex

97
Q

__ induce contraction in extrafusal muscle fibers of stretched muscle.

A

Alpha motor neurons

98
Q

___ adjust sensitivity of muscle spindle fibers.

A

Gamma motor neurons

99
Q

The___ reflex is when somatic sensory neurons also activate interneurons in the spinal cord gray matter.

A

polysynaptic

100
Q

what happens after sensory neurons activate interneurons in the spinal cord gray matter during p a polysynaptic reflex?

A

The activated interneurons then inhibit somatic motor neurons which innervate the antagonistic muscles which results in relaxation or reciprocal inhibition of antagonistic muscles.

101
Q

During coactivation of alpha and gamma the muscles spindle of an un-stretched muscle will send __frequency nerve impulses to the __.

A

low, CNS

102
Q

whenever the muscle spindle is stretched its associated sensory neurons transmit nerve impulses at a __ frequency to the spinal cord.

A

higher

103
Q

Sensation of stretch can occur under what two conditions?

A

when external force lengthens the entire muscle and when gamma motor neurons stimulate the intrafusal fibers to contract causing the internal spindle to stretch.

104
Q

During voluntary muscle contraction, alpha motor neurons stimulate__fibers, causing the whole muscle to ___.

A

extrafusal, shorten

105
Q

Tendon organs are __ located in tendons they monitor tension not stretch.

A

proprioceptors

106
Q

what is the purpose of Tendon organs

A

they respond to excessive tension to prevent muscles and tendons from tearing when they are subjected to possibly damaging stretching force.

107
Q

what is the function of Flexor or withdrawal reflex

A

painful or threatening stimulus initiates the withdrawal of the threatened body part.

108
Q

what is the stimulus of Flexor or withdrawal reflex

A

pain or threat to the limbs

109
Q

what is the response of Flexor or withdrawal reflex

A

Sensory afferents form polysynaptic synapses in the spinal cord, activation of ipsilateral flexor muscles to withdraw the threatened limb. Reciprocal inhibition of extensor muscles to allow flexion.

110
Q

some interneurons undergo ___ this results in the contralateral reciprocal activation of extensor muscles and the contralateral inhibition of flexor muscles during flexor or withdrawal reflex

A

gray matter decussation,

111
Q

Superficial reflexes are induced by__

A

gentle cutaneous sensation.

112
Q

__ is stroking the lateral portion of the sole of the foot stimulates plantar flexion

A

Plantar reflex

113
Q

plantar reflex tests the __ tracts from L4-S2,

A

corticospinal

114
Q

what reflex is tested by stroking the abdomen results in contraction of abdominal muscles in order to maintain integrity of the spinal column.

A

te abdominal reflex

115
Q

the abdominal reflex test the function of

A

ventral rami T8-T12 and absences can indicate lesions in the corticospinal tracts.

TCU A+P (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions