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TCU A+P > Chapter 20 > Flashcards

Chapter 20 Flashcards

1
Q

what vessels carry blood away from the heart

A

arteries

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2
Q

what vessels carry blood back to the heart

A

veins

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3
Q

what vessels connect smaller arteries to smallest veins

A

capillaries

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4
Q

what is the innermost layer of the vessel wall

A

tunica interna

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5
Q

what layer of the blood vessel lines the blood vessel and is exposed to blood

A

tunica interna

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6
Q

define endothelium when pertaining to the vessel wall

A

simple squamous epithelium overlying basement membrane and sparse layer of loose connective tissue

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7
Q

the tunica international acts as what and of barrier

A

selectively permeable barrier

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8
Q

what layer of the vessel wall secretes chemicals that stimulate dilation or constriction of the vessel

A

tunica interna

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9
Q

When tissue around vessel is inflamed, the endothelial cells produce cell-adhesion molecules that induce __ to adhere to the surface in the tunica interna

A

leukocytes

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10
Q

what does the tunica media consist of

A

smooth muscle, collagen, and elastic tissue

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11
Q

what layer of the vessel wall prevents blood pressure from rupturing them

A

tunica media

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12
Q

what layer of the vessel wall regulates the diameter of the blood vessel

A

tunica media

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13
Q

what are some functions of the tunica externa

A

anchors the vessel and provides passage for small nerve, lymphatic vessels

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14
Q

what is the name for the small vessels that supply blood to the outer part of the larger vessels

A

vasa vasorum

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15
Q

what are the three types of arteries

A

conducting, distributing, and resistance arteries

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16
Q

what are the biggest arteries

A

conducting

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17
Q

what are some examples of conducting arteries

A

aorta, common carotid, subclavian, pulmonary trunk, and common iliac

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18
Q

conducting arteries expand during _and recoil during __

A

ventricular systole, diastole

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19
Q

what arteries contain the internal and external lamina

A

conducting

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20
Q

what are the medium arteries called

A

distributing

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21
Q

what is the role of distributing arteries

A

distributes blood to specific organs

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22
Q

what are some examples of distributing arteries

A

Brachial, femoral, renal, and splenic arteries

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23
Q

what are the smallest category of the three arteries

A

resistance

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24
Q

what arteries are too variable to be given names

A

resistance

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25
Q

what are the smallest arteries

A

arterioles

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26
Q

what is the role of arterioles

A

to control the amount of blood to various organs

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27
Q

what arteries link arterioles to capillaries or bypass directly to a venule

A

metarterioles

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28
Q

what is an aneurysm

A

a weak point in the artery heart or wall

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29
Q

what are the most common sites of aneurysms

A

abdominal aorta, renal arteries, and arterial circle at base of brain

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30
Q

aneurysms can rupture causing a

A

hemorrhage

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31
Q

what are some causes of aneurysms

A

congenital weakness of blood vessels, trauma, or bacterial infections , but most common cause is atherosclerosis and hypertension

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32
Q

what are some arterial sense organs

A

carotid sinuses, carotid bodies, and aortic bodies

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33
Q

what kind of receptors are carotid sinuses and their functions

A

baroreceptors, they monitor blood pressure and Transmit signals through glossopharyngeal nerve

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34
Q

what kind of receptors are carotid bodies and their functions

A

chemoreceptors, they Monitor blood chemistry, Transmit signals through glossopharyngeal nerve to respiratory centers, and Adjust respiratory rate to stabilize pH, CO_2, and O_2

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35
Q

what kind of receptors are aortic bodies and their functions

A

chemoreceptors, Same structure and function as carotid bodies, but innervation is by vagus nerve

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36
Q

what vessels are the site where gasses, nutrients, wastes, and hormones pass between the blood and tissue fluid

A

capillaries

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37
Q

what is known as the business end of the cardiovascular system

A

the capillaries

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38
Q

what are the three types of capillaries

A

continuous, fenestrated, a nd sinusoids

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39
Q

where are continuous capillaries found

A

in most tissues

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40
Q

what type of capillaries allow passage for solutes such as glucose

A

continuous

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41
Q

where are fenestrated capillaries found

A

in the kidneys, small intestine, and choroid plexuses

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42
Q

what are filtration pores in capillaries called

A

fenestrations

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43
Q

where are sinusoids found

A

in the liver, bone marrow, and spleen

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44
Q

what type of capillaries allow proteins (albumin), clotting factors, and new blood cells to enter the circulation

A

sinusoids

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45
Q

what are capillary beds

A

networks of 10-100 capillaries

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46
Q

capillary beds are usually supplied by

A

a single arteriole or metarteriole

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47
Q

At distal end, capillaries transition to __ or drain into a throroughfare channel (continuation of metarteriole

A

venules

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48
Q

Most control of flow involves constriction of __ that are upstream from the capillaries however, Within the capillary bed, __control flow

A

arterioles, precapillary shincters

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49
Q

what are the smallest veins called

A

post capillary venules

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50
Q

__ are more porous than capillaries so they also exchange fluid with surrounding tissues

A

post capillary venules

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51
Q

muscular venules are up to __mm in diameter

A

1

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52
Q

medium veins are up to __ in diameter

A

10mm

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53
Q

Tunica interna forms __along with surrounding muscle forms the skeletal muscle pump; Varicose veins result from the failure

A

venous valves

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54
Q

most named veins are

A

medium veins

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55
Q

what are venous sinuses

A

Veins with especially thin walls, large lumens, and no smooth muscle
Dural venous sinuses of the brain and coronary sinus of the heart

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56
Q

are venous sinuses capable of vasomotor responses

A

no

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57
Q

large veins are __mm

A

larger than 10

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58
Q

smooth muscle is found where in large veins

A

all three tunics

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59
Q

what are some examples of large veins

A

Venae cavae, pulmonary veins, internal jugular veins, and renal veins

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60
Q

what are varicose veins

A

Blood pools in the lower legs of people who stand for long periods stretching the veins, Cusps of the valves pull apart in enlarged superficial veins, further weakening vessels, Blood backflows and further distends the vessels, their walls grow weak and develop into varicose veins

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61
Q

what promotes varicose veins

A

Hereditary weakness, obesity, and pregnancy

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62
Q

what are hemorrhoids

A

varicose veins of the anal canal

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63
Q

what is the simplest pathway of the circulatory route

A

heart, arteries, capillaries, veins, and heart

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64
Q

where can portal systems be found

A

Between hypothalamus and anterior pituitary,In kidneys, Between intestines to liver

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65
Q

what is anastomosis

A

convergence point between two vessels other than capillaries

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66
Q

where can anastomosis be found

A

In coronary circulation and around joints

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67
Q

define blood flow

A

the amount of blood flowing through an organ, tissue, or blood vessel in a given time (mL/min.)

68
Q

define blood perfusion

A

the flow per given volume or mass of tissue (mL/g/min)

69
Q

what is the cardiac output measurement

A

5.25 L/min

70
Q

what are hemodynamics

A

the physical principles of blood flow

71
Q

define blood pressure

A

the force that blood exerts against a vessel wall

72
Q

where is blood pressure measured and with what tool can it be measured

A

Measured at brachial artery of arm using sphygmomanometer

73
Q

what are the two blood pressures that are recorded

A

systolic and diastolic pressure

74
Q

what is systolic pressure

A

peak arterial BP taken during ventricular contraction

75
Q

what is diastolic pressure

A

minimum arterial BP taken during ventricular relaxation

76
Q

what is the normal value of blood pressure in a young adult

A

120/75 mm Hg

77
Q

what is pulse pressure

A

difference between systolic and diastolic pressure; driving force on circulation and of stress exerted on small arteries by pressure surges generated by the heart.

78
Q

what is the mean arterial pressure

A

the mean pressure one would obtain by taking measurements at several intervals throughout the cardiac cycle; Diastolic pressure + (one-third of pulse pressure)

79
Q

what is the blood pressure measurement that most influences the risk level for edema, fasting, atherosclerosis, kidney failure, and aneurysms

A

MAP

80
Q

what is hypertension

A

high blood pressure

81
Q

what Is resting BP

A

140/90

82
Q

what is Atherosclerosis

A

build up of lipid deposits that become plaques

83
Q

what is Arteriosclerosis

A

stiffening of arteries due to deterioration of elastic tissues of artery walls

84
Q

what is hypotension

A

low blood pressure

85
Q

what is hypotension caused by

A

blood loss, dehydration, anemia

86
Q

Blood pressure is determined by

A

cardiac output, blood volume (regulated by kidneys), and resistance to flow

87
Q

blood volume is regulated by

A

the kidneys

88
Q

what is peripheral resistance

A

cardiac output, blood volume (regulated by kidneys), and resistance to flow

89
Q

__ and __ concentration elevate viscosity the most

A

RBC count, albumin

90
Q

Decreased viscosity with __and __ speed flow

A

anemia, hypoproteinemia

91
Q

Increased viscosity with __ and __ slow flow

A

polycythemia, dehydration

92
Q

The farther liquid travels through a tube, the more __ it encounters

A

cumulative friction

93
Q

what is the Only significant way of controlling resistance

A

vessel radius

94
Q

what are Vasoreflexes

A

changes in vessel radius

95
Q

__ markedly affects blood velocity

A

Vessel radius

96
Q

Laminar flow: flows in layers, faster in the

A

center

97
Q

Blood flow (F) proportional to the fourth power of

A

radius

98
Q

what is the typical lumen diameter of the aorta

A

2.5 cm

99
Q

what is the typical lumen diameter of the arterioles

A

20-50um

100
Q

what is the typical lumen diameter of the capillaries

A

5-9um

101
Q

what is the typical lumen diameter of the venules

A

20um

102
Q

what is the typical lumen diameter of the inferior vena cava

A

3cm

103
Q

__are most significant point of control over peripheral resistance and flow

A

Arterioles

104
Q

what are the two purposes of vasomotion

A

general control of BP and routing blood from one body region to another

105
Q

what are the three way fo controlling vasomotor activity

A

local control, neural control, and hormonal control

106
Q

what are the four ways of local control

A

auto regulation, vasoactive chemicals, reactive hyperemia, and angiogenesis

107
Q

what is autoregulation

A

the ability of tissues to regulate their own blood supply

108
Q

what is the Metabolic theory of autoregulation:

A

If tissue is inadequately perfused, wastes accumulate, stimulating vasodilation which increases perfusion

109
Q

what are vasoactive chemicals

A

substances secreted by platelets, endothelial cells, and perivascular tissue to stimulate vasomotor responses

110
Q

what vasoactive chemicals stimulate vasodilation

A

histamine, bradykinin, and prostaglandins

111
Q

as a result of vasoactive chemicals, the Drag of blood causes endothelial cells to secrete __ and __ (vasodilators)

A

prostacyclin, nitric oxide

112
Q

what is reactive ehyperemia

A

If blood supply cut off then restored, flow increases above normal

113
Q

what is angiogenesis

A

growth of new blood cells

114
Q

where does angiogenesis occur

A

regrowth of uterine lining, around coronary artery obstructions, in exercised muscle, and malignant tumors

115
Q

Vasomotor center is the integrating center for what three autonomic reflexes

A

baroreflexes, chemoreflexes, and medullary ischemic reflex

116
Q

what are baroreflexes

A

automatic, negative feedback response to change in blood pressure

117
Q

what are chemoreflexes

A

an automatic response to changes in blood chemistry

118
Q

what are medullary ischemic reflexes

A

automatic response to a drop in perfusion of the brain

119
Q

what are some examples of hormones used in hormonal control for regulation of blood pressure and flow

A

angiotensin 2, aldosterone, atrial natriuretic peptide, ADH, epinephrine and norepinephrine

120
Q

what does angiotensin 2 do

A

it is a potent vasoconstrictor, promotes Na^+ and water retention by kidneys, and Increases blood volume and pressure, raising blood pressure

121
Q

what does aldosterone do

A

Salt retaining hormone, Promotes Na+ retention in kidney promoting, water follows osmotically, raising blood pressure

122
Q

what does atrial natriuretic peptides do

A

increases urinary sodium excretion, Reduces blood volume and promotes vasodilation, Lowers blood pressure

123
Q

what does ADH do

A

promotes water retention, Pathologically high concentrations also a vasoconstrictor, raises blood pressure

124
Q

what do E and NE do

A

In most blood vessels of smooth muscle does vasoconstriction, In cardiac muscle blood vessels does vasodilation

125
Q

The most important blood in the body is in the

A

capillaries

126
Q

what is Capillary exchange

A

two-way movement of fluid between the bloodstream and tissues across capillary walls

127
Q

what contents are used in capillary exchanges

A

Water, oxygen, glucose, amino acids, lipids, minerals, antibodies, hormones, wastes, carbon dioxide, ammonia

128
Q

Chemicals pass through the capillary wall by of what three routes

A
  1. Through endothelial cell cytoplasm
  2. Intercellular clefts between endothelial cells
  3. Filtration pores (fenestrations) of the fenestrated capillaries
129
Q

what mechanisms are involved in capillary exchange

A

diffusion, transcytosis, filtration and reabsorption

130
Q

__ is the most important form of capillary exchange

A

Diffusion

131
Q

Lipid-soluble substances for capillary diffusion

A

Steroid hormones, O_2, and CO_2 diffuse easily through plasma membranes

132
Q

what are some water soluble substances for diffusion

A

Glucose and electrolytes must pass through filtration pores and intercellular clefts

133
Q

what is transcytosis

A

endothelial cells pick up material on one side of their membrane by pinocytosis or receptor-mediated endocytosis, transport vesicles across cell, and discharge material on other side by exocytosis

134
Q

what is transcytosis important for

A

fatty acids, albumin, and some hormones

135
Q

what do hydrostatic pressures do

A

drive fluid out of capillary.

High on arterial end of capillary, low on venous end

136
Q

what does colloid osmotic pressure do

A

draws fluid into capillary, Opposes hydrostatic pressure, Osmotically draws water into the capillary at venous end

137
Q

__ capillaries in Kidneys are devoted to filtration

A

Glomeruli

138
Q

__ capillaries in lungs are devoted to absorption

A

Alveolar

139
Q

what is edema

A

accumulation of excess fluid in a tissue

140
Q

what are the three main causes of edema

A

increased capillary filtration, reduced capillary reabsorption, and obstructed lymphatic drainage

141
Q

what are some causes of increased capillary filtration

A

kidney failure, histamine, old age, poor venous return

142
Q

what are some causes of reduced capillary reabsorption

A

Hypoproteinemia, liver disease, dietary protein deficiency

143
Q

what are some causes of obstructed lymphatic drainage

A

Surgical removal of lymph nodes interferes with drainage from tissues

144
Q

what is venous return

A

the flow of blood back to the heart

145
Q

what are some things that venous return relies on

A

pressure gradient, gravity, skeletal muscle pump, thoracic pump, and cardiac suction

146
Q

the pressure gradient has Higher pressure in __, lower pressure in __

A

venules, venae cavae

147
Q

When you inhale, abdominal pressure __ while thoracic pressure __

A

increase, decreases

148
Q

what are some ways exercise increases venous return

A
  1. Heart beats faster and harder, increasing CO and BP
  2. Vessels of skeletal muscles, lungs, and heart dilate and increase flow
  3. Increased respiratory rate, increased action of thoracic pump
  4. Increased skeletal muscle pump
149
Q

venous __ occurs with inactivity

A

pooling

150
Q

what is circulatory shock

A

any state in which cardiac output is insufficient to meet the body’s metabolic needs

151
Q

what two categories fo circulatory shock fall into

A

cariogenic and low venous return

152
Q

what is cariogenic shock

A

inadequate pumping of heart

153
Q

what is low venous return

A

cardiac output is low because too little blood is returning to the heart

154
Q

what are the three principal forms of LVR shock

A

hypovolemic, obstructed venous return shock, and venous pooling shock

155
Q

what principal form of LVR shock is most common

A

hypovolemic

156
Q

what causes hypovolemic shock

A

Loss of blood volume: trauma, burns, dehydration

157
Q

what causes obstructed venous return shock

A

Tumor or aneurysm compresses a vein and impedes blood flow

158
Q

what causes venous pooling shock

A

Long periods of standing, sitting, or widespread vasodilation

159
Q

what happens to blood vessels during shock

A

they dilate causing blood pressure to drop

160
Q

what are three additional types of circulatory shock

A

neurogenic, septic, and anaphylactic

161
Q

what is neurogenic shock and its causes

A

Loss of vasomotor tone causes vasodilation, Can result from emotional shock to brainstem injury

162
Q

what is septic shock

A

Bacterial toxins trigger vasodilation and increased capillary permeability

163
Q

what is anaphylactic shock and its results

A

Severe immune (allergic) reaction to antigen, histamine release, generalized vasodilation, increased capillary permeability

164
Q

what is compensated shock

A

Several homeostatic mechanisms bring about spontaneous recovery
Example: If a person faints and falls to a horizontal position, gravity restores blood flow to the brain

165
Q

what is decompensated shock

A

When compensation fails
Life-threatening positive feedback loops occur
Condition gets worse causing damage to cardiac and brain tissue

TCU A+P (12 decks)

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