Lecture 5 intro to 13/14

Question 1

__ gives rise to spinal cord and skin.

Answer 1

ectoderm

Question 2

The neural plate starts as a sheet of __ then starts to develop into a ___ and seals off making a tube

Answer 2

mesoderm, neural groove

Question 3

a ___ is a hollow space

Answer 3

vesicle

Question 4

what are the three vesicle at 4 weeks

Answer 4

prosencephalon, mesencephalon, and rhombencephalon

Question 5

what does the prosencephalon split into

Answer 5

the telencephalon and the diencephalon

Question 6

what does the rhombencephalon split into

Answer 6

the metencephalon and the myelencephalon

Question 7

what is spina bifida

Answer 7

when the neural tube does not close at the most caudal regions

Question 8

where are meninges found

Answer 8

on the spinal cord and the brain

Question 9

what are the meninges form superficial to deep

Answer 9

dura mater, arachnoid mater, and the pia mater

Question 10

what are the functions of the meninges

Answer 10

cover and protection, formation of sinuses, formation of subarachnoid space that houses CSF and all to form partitions in the skull

Question 11

the __ had the periosteal layer and the meningeal layer

Answer 11

dura mater

Question 12

CSF flows from the arachnoid space int to the __ to be carried away so it can be reoxygenated

Answer 12

arachnoid villi

Question 13

the dural partitions are really important for what

Answer 13

times of swelling or impact

Question 14

the ___ is where CSF is circulated

Answer 14

subarachnoid space

Question 15

where is CSF found

Answer 15

in the ventricles in the brain, in the subarachnoid space, and the central canal.

Question 16

___ levels drop during a hangover

Answer 16

CSF

Question 17

All ventricles contain__ and contain a layer of ___ with___between them and have cilia.

Answer 17

choroid plexus, ependymal cells, tight junctions

Question 18

___ is found in the ventricles

Answer 18

choroid plexus

Question 19

blockage of the apertures will create

Answer 19

swelling the brain or hydrocephalus

Question 20

what are the two brain barrier systems

Answer 20

the blood-brain barrier and the blood-CSF barrier.

Question 21

what do the the blood-brain barrier and the blood-CSF barrier do

Answer 21

They regulate the concentration of substances that make contact with the neural tissues.

Question 22

the __ are the least permeable part of the blood-brain barrier.

Answer 22

capillaries

Question 23

the neural crest forms the regions of the ___ and ___

Answer 23

PNS, meninges

Question 24

what is anencephaly

Answer 24

when the neural tube does not fuse rostrally

Question 25

is the inflammation of the meninges.

Answer 25

inflammation of the meninges

Question 26

is there epidural space around the brain

Answer 26

no

Question 27

The ___ is a delicate layer lying directly on the brain surface,

Answer 27

pia mater

Question 28

Inferior to the conus medullaris the subarachnoid space is known as the ___

Answer 28

lumbar cistern

Question 29

The ___ is the extension of the pia mater which anchors the conus medullaris to the coccyx.

Answer 29

terminal filum

Question 30

what are the functions of CSF

Answer 30

1. provides buoyancy to the brain and prevents nervous tissue from being crushed against the cranium floor.
2. It cushions the brain and spinal cord during trauma.
3. regulates the chemical concentration of water, wastes, electrolytes, glucose, and oxygen.

Question 31

The choroid plexus is a spongy mass of___ surrounded by ___ cells.

Answer 31

capillaries, ependymal

Question 32

___ produces about 30% of the CSF and is found in each ventricle

Answer 32

choroid plexus

Question 33

The ____joins the lateral ventricles the third ventricle.

Answer 33

interventricular foramina

Question 34

The ___ joins the third and fourth ventricles.

Answer 34

cerebral aqueduct

Question 35

The ___ carries CSF into the spinal cord.

Answer 35

central canal

Question 36

___ will drain the CSF from the subarachnoid space into the dural venous sinuses.

Answer 36

Arachnoid granulations

Question 37

___ is a condition in which CSF does not drain and begins to collect in the ventricles and sub arachnoid space. It is often caused by occlusion in the interventricular foramina, lateral/median apertures.

Answer 37

Hydrocephalus

Question 38

___ organs lack the brain barrier systems and allow the brain to monitor blood glucose, Ph, and osmolarity.

Answer 38

Circumventricular

Question 39

__- exists in the choroid plexuses which is the only place where ependymal cells are joined by tight junctions.

Answer 39

The blood-CSF barrier

Question 40

___ exists between capillaries and the brain

Answer 40

The blood-brain barrier

Question 41

The substances leaving the capillaries must pass through what 3 membranes of the BBB

Answer 41

1. the capillary endothelium formed with tight junctions (the most impermeable of the three membranes),
2. the thick basal lamina anchoring the endothelium
3. the linked feet of astrocytes.

Question 42

the __ and ___lack the BBB and are referred to as circumventricular organs.

Answer 42

medulla oblongata, hypothalamus

Question 43

A __- is a temporary (5 minute) shortage of blood to the brain and do not often result in permanent damage but are often considered warning signs of an impending stroke.

Answer 43

transient ischemic attack

Question 44

a ____ is when the brain becomes deprived of blood due to blood clots, hemorrhage or atherosclerosis. This causes death of nervous tissue.

Answer 44

ischemic attack

Question 45

___ is when the blood vessels surrounding the brain rupture, neurons at the site of rupture undergo excitotoxicity, and neurons in other regions experience ischemia.

Answer 45

hemorrhagic stroke

Question 46

___ is when the brain hits the opposite end of the skull followed by coup injury.

Answer 46

countrecoup