Lecture 5 intro to 13/14 Flashcards
__ gives rise to spinal cord and skin.
ectoderm
The neural plate starts as a sheet of __ then starts to develop into a ___ and seals off making a tube
mesoderm, neural groove
a ___ is a hollow space
vesicle
what are the three vesicle at 4 weeks
prosencephalon, mesencephalon, and rhombencephalon
what does the prosencephalon split into
the telencephalon and the diencephalon
what does the rhombencephalon split into
the metencephalon and the myelencephalon
what is spina bifida
when the neural tube does not close at the most caudal regions
where are meninges found
on the spinal cord and the brain
what are the meninges form superficial to deep
dura mater, arachnoid mater, and the pia mater
what are the functions of the meninges
cover and protection, formation of sinuses, formation of subarachnoid space that houses CSF and all to form partitions in the skull
the __ had the periosteal layer and the meningeal layer
dura mater
CSF flows from the arachnoid space int to the __ to be carried away so it can be reoxygenated
arachnoid villi
the dural partitions are really important for what
times of swelling or impact
the ___ is where CSF is circulated
subarachnoid space
where is CSF found
in the ventricles in the brain, in the subarachnoid space, and the central canal.
___ levels drop during a hangover
CSF
All ventricles contain__ and contain a layer of ___ with___between them and have cilia.
choroid plexus, ependymal cells, tight junctions
___ is found in the ventricles
choroid plexus
blockage of the apertures will create
swelling the brain or hydrocephalus
what are the two brain barrier systems
the blood-brain barrier and the blood-CSF barrier.
what do the the blood-brain barrier and the blood-CSF barrier do
They regulate the concentration of substances that make contact with the neural tissues.
the __ are the least permeable part of the blood-brain barrier.
capillaries
the neural crest forms the regions of the ___ and ___
PNS, meninges
what is anencephaly
when the neural tube does not fuse rostrally
is the inflammation of the meninges.
inflammation of the meninges
is there epidural space around the brain
no
The ___ is a delicate layer lying directly on the brain surface,
pia mater
Inferior to the conus medullaris the subarachnoid space is known as the ___
lumbar cistern
The ___ is the extension of the pia mater which anchors the conus medullaris to the coccyx.
terminal filum
what are the functions of CSF
- provides buoyancy to the brain and prevents nervous tissue from being crushed against the cranium floor.
- It cushions the brain and spinal cord during trauma.
- regulates the chemical concentration of water, wastes, electrolytes, glucose, and oxygen.
The choroid plexus is a spongy mass of___ surrounded by ___ cells.
capillaries, ependymal
___ produces about 30% of the CSF and is found in each ventricle
choroid plexus
The ____joins the lateral ventricles the third ventricle.
interventricular foramina
The ___ joins the third and fourth ventricles.
cerebral aqueduct
The ___ carries CSF into the spinal cord.
central canal
___ will drain the CSF from the subarachnoid space into the dural venous sinuses.
Arachnoid granulations
___ is a condition in which CSF does not drain and begins to collect in the ventricles and sub arachnoid space. It is often caused by occlusion in the interventricular foramina, lateral/median apertures.
Hydrocephalus
___ organs lack the brain barrier systems and allow the brain to monitor blood glucose, Ph, and osmolarity.
Circumventricular
__- exists in the choroid plexuses which is the only place where ependymal cells are joined by tight junctions.
The blood-CSF barrier
___ exists between capillaries and the brain
The blood-brain barrier
The substances leaving the capillaries must pass through what 3 membranes of the BBB
- the capillary endothelium formed with tight junctions (the most impermeable of the three membranes),
- the thick basal lamina anchoring the endothelium
- the linked feet of astrocytes.
the __ and ___lack the BBB and are referred to as circumventricular organs.
medulla oblongata, hypothalamus
A __- is a temporary (5 minute) shortage of blood to the brain and do not often result in permanent damage but are often considered warning signs of an impending stroke.
transient ischemic attack
a ____ is when the brain becomes deprived of blood due to blood clots, hemorrhage or atherosclerosis. This causes death of nervous tissue.
ischemic attack
___ is when the blood vessels surrounding the brain rupture, neurons at the site of rupture undergo excitotoxicity, and neurons in other regions experience ischemia.
hemorrhagic stroke
___ is when the brain hits the opposite end of the skull followed by coup injury.
countrecoup
