Lecture 5 intro to 13/14 Flashcards

1
Q

__ gives rise to spinal cord and skin.

A

ectoderm

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2
Q

The neural plate starts as a sheet of __ then starts to develop into a ___ and seals off making a tube

A

mesoderm, neural groove

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3
Q

a ___ is a hollow space

A

vesicle

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4
Q

what are the three vesicle at 4 weeks

A

prosencephalon, mesencephalon, and rhombencephalon

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5
Q

what does the prosencephalon split into

A

the telencephalon and the diencephalon

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6
Q

what does the rhombencephalon split into

A

the metencephalon and the myelencephalon

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7
Q

what is spina bifida

A

when the neural tube does not close at the most caudal regions

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8
Q

where are meninges found

A

on the spinal cord and the brain

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9
Q

what are the meninges form superficial to deep

A

dura mater, arachnoid mater, and the pia mater

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10
Q

what are the functions of the meninges

A

cover and protection, formation of sinuses, formation of subarachnoid space that houses CSF and all to form partitions in the skull

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11
Q

the __ had the periosteal layer and the meningeal layer

A

dura mater

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12
Q

CSF flows from the arachnoid space int to the __ to be carried away so it can be reoxygenated

A

arachnoid villi

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13
Q

the dural partitions are really important for what

A

times of swelling or impact

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14
Q

the ___ is where CSF is circulated

A

subarachnoid space

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15
Q

where is CSF found

A

in the ventricles in the brain, in the subarachnoid space, and the central canal.

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16
Q

___ levels drop during a hangover

A

CSF

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17
Q

All ventricles contain__ and contain a layer of ___ with___between them and have cilia.

A

choroid plexus, ependymal cells, tight junctions

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18
Q

___ is found in the ventricles

A

choroid plexus

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19
Q

blockage of the apertures will create

A

swelling the brain or hydrocephalus

20
Q

what are the two brain barrier systems

A

the blood-brain barrier and the blood-CSF barrier.

21
Q

what do the the blood-brain barrier and the blood-CSF barrier do

A

They regulate the concentration of substances that make contact with the neural tissues.

22
Q

the __ are the least permeable part of the blood-brain barrier.

A

capillaries

23
Q

the neural crest forms the regions of the ___ and ___

A

PNS, meninges

24
Q

what is anencephaly

A

when the neural tube does not fuse rostrally

25
is the inflammation of the meninges.
inflammation of the meninges
26
is there epidural space around the brain
no
27
The ___ is a delicate layer lying directly on the brain surface,
pia mater
28
Inferior to the conus medullaris the subarachnoid space is known as the ___
lumbar cistern
29
The ___ is the extension of the pia mater which anchors the conus medullaris to the coccyx.
terminal filum
30
what are the functions of CSF
1. provides buoyancy to the brain and prevents nervous tissue from being crushed against the cranium floor. 2. It cushions the brain and spinal cord during trauma. 3. regulates the chemical concentration of water, wastes, electrolytes, glucose, and oxygen.
31
The choroid plexus is a spongy mass of___ surrounded by ___ cells.
capillaries, ependymal
32
___ produces about 30% of the CSF and is found in each ventricle
choroid plexus
33
The ____joins the lateral ventricles the third ventricle.
interventricular foramina
34
The ___ joins the third and fourth ventricles.
cerebral aqueduct
35
The ___ carries CSF into the spinal cord.
central canal
36
___ will drain the CSF from the subarachnoid space into the dural venous sinuses.
Arachnoid granulations
37
___ is a condition in which CSF does not drain and begins to collect in the ventricles and sub arachnoid space. It is often caused by occlusion in the interventricular foramina, lateral/median apertures.
Hydrocephalus
38
___ organs lack the brain barrier systems and allow the brain to monitor blood glucose, Ph, and osmolarity.
Circumventricular
39
__- exists in the choroid plexuses which is the only place where ependymal cells are joined by tight junctions.
The blood-CSF barrier
40
___ exists between capillaries and the brain
The blood-brain barrier
41
The substances leaving the capillaries must pass through what 3 membranes of the BBB
1. the capillary endothelium formed with tight junctions (the most impermeable of the three membranes), 2. the thick basal lamina anchoring the endothelium 3. the linked feet of astrocytes.
42
the __ and ___lack the BBB and are referred to as circumventricular organs.
medulla oblongata, hypothalamus
43
A __- is a temporary (5 minute) shortage of blood to the brain and do not often result in permanent damage but are often considered warning signs of an impending stroke.
transient ischemic attack
44
a ____ is when the brain becomes deprived of blood due to blood clots, hemorrhage or atherosclerosis. This causes death of nervous tissue.
ischemic attack
45
___ is when the blood vessels surrounding the brain rupture, neurons at the site of rupture undergo excitotoxicity, and neurons in other regions experience ischemia.
hemorrhagic stroke
46
___ is when the brain hits the opposite end of the skull followed by coup injury.
countrecoup