Lecture exam 5 chapter 14 Flashcards
All the diencephalon is composed of __while most other regions are composed of both gray and white matter.
gray matter
The brain stem has ___ in the middle surrounded by tracts of __
gray matter, white matter
the __contains nuclei for ten out of the twelve cranial nerves.
brain stem
what are some functions of the medulla oblongata
cardiac and vasomotor (constriction and dilation of blood vessels) (regulates heart rate and force and blood pressure) center of the brain, regulates burping and vomiting
where does 90% of decussation occur
in the medulla
The ___helps the medulla to regulate respiration, vomiting, and posture. It also helps connect your senses. It helps dictate motor control like chewing, eye movement, urination, and lacrimal glands.
pons
where is the location fo the corpora quadrigemina
the midbrain
the corpora quadrigemina is composed of two ___, the superior___ and inferior ___
nuclei, colliculi, colliculi
what doe the colliculi do
integrate sensory input and auditory input so you can match up what you see with what you hear. That’s why you’ll look towards what you hear.
where can melanin be found in the brain
in the substatia nigra
where is the motor control for dopamine found
in the substantia nigra
Whenever dopamine and substantia nigra are deficient in production that’s what gives rise to
parkinson’s.
The ___ are where the oculomotor nerves arise from and are bundles of fibers that connect things.
cerebral peduncles
A___ connects fibers to the cerebrum.
cerebral peduncle
The cerebellar peduncles allow communication between___, ___, and the ___
brain stem, spinal cord, and cerebellum
The median junction between the right and left hemispheres is the
vermis.
The number one function of the cerebellum is __ and gives basic understanding of __ and __
balance, time, basic cognition
__is the awareness of position
Proprioception
___plans out all of your movements
The primary motor cortex
The diencephalon consists of the __
thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, and the mamillary bodies
The ___ is the relay center
thalamus
the ___ is important for regulating movement, learning and memory
thalamus
The ___nucleus plays a big role in animals that hibernate
suprachiasmatic
what are the five lobes of the cerebrum
frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, and insula.
the ___ divides the frontal and parietal lobe
central sulcus
___is how the two cerebral hemispheres have distinct functions.
Cerebral lateralization
___is the outer region of the cerebrum, it is gray matter, and is only 6 cell layers thick of interneurons.
The cerebral cortex
The__ is the largest example of a white matter tract.
corpus callosum
A __is a bundle of axons in the CNS, cerebrum, and spinal cord
tract
A nerve is a collection of __ in the __
axons,PNS
__ are found in the posterior root ganglion and is a collection of cell bodies in the PNS.
Ganglion
A __ is a collection of cell bodies in the CNS.
nucleus
The __ tract relays signals from the cerebral cortex to the spinal cord
projection
An example of a projection tract is the __ tract.
corticospinal
All tracts are
white matter
Sensory function is found ___ to the central sulcus so is the __ cortex.
posterior, primary somatosensory
the primary somatosensory does what
provides conscious contralateral spatial discrimination and location of sensation.
The primary somatosensory cortex is located in the ___
postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobe
The primary motor cortex is found in the
precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe
The premotor cortex is important for
pattern movements
The basal nuclei is the part of the brain that becomes affected during
parkinson’s.
Substantia nigra releases
dopamine.
The __ is responsible for receiving proprioception so you can plan voluntary movements.
cerebellum
The primary motor cortex executes
contralateral voluntary muscle control.
The premotor cortex is responsible for___and is part of the ___
programming voluntary and repetitive movements , primary motor cortex.
The ___ plans the timing of repetitive movements.
basal nuclei
___controls the muscles for speech. When this area is damaged you know what you want to say but can’t say it.
Broca’s
___ is responsible for understanding written and spoken language. When it’s damaged you can’t understand what someone is telling you or when they read. You can speak but it won’t make sense. Also has a hard time recognizing faces
The wernicke’s area
Cognition and personality are tied to the
prefrontal cortex.
___is the ability to make new memories.
anterograde
___ is the inability to store new memories
Antergograde amnesia
___is the inability to recall memories that existed before an injury.
retrograde amnesia
the ___ helps sort all the stimuli that help make memories into short term memories
hippocampus
___ plays a role in memory as neurotransmitter.
ACh
Damage to the___ can cause amnesia.
hippocampus
can Mitosis of neurons occur in the hippocampus
yes
___neurons are the kinds of neurons that release ACh.
Cholinergic
A shortage of ___ is associated with Alzheimer’s. It is associated with the death of cholinergic neurons.
ACh
When someone is brain dead they exhibit __waves.
delta
The effects of most cranial nerves are ipsilateral but the ___ and __ are contralateral.
optic and trochlear
__ is the partial or total loss of smell.
Anosmia
___ is a visual defect of some sort.
Anopsia
The ___ rotates the eye laterally
external strabismus
__ is droopy eyelid
Ptosis
___ is when the eye rotates medially at rest
Internal strabismus
__is often caused by the herpes simplex virus which causes paralysis of the facial muscles on the affected side, the lower eyelid droops, mouth sags, and tears drip continuously from the eye.
Bell’s palsy
what are the five parts of the facial nerve
cervical, mandibular, buccal, zygomatic, and temporal.
the brainstem includes the
midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata
what are the functions of the medulla oblongata
- Cardiac and vasomotor centers to regulate heart rate and blood pressure
- Medulla oblongata and the pons contain respiratory centers to regulate breathing rate and depth.
- Decussation of most cortisol tracts
- And regulation of blood pressure, respiration, speech, chewing, salivation, vomiting, hiccuping, swallowing, coughing, and sneezing
what are the functions of the pons
- Contains nuclei important for helping the medulla regulate respiration, sleep, and posture.
- Plays sensory roles in hearing, equilibrium, taste, and facial sensations due to cranial nerve input.
- Plays motor roles in eye movement, facial expression, chewing, swallowing, urination, and secretion of saliva and tears due to cranial nerve output.
what are the functions of the midbrain
- Substantia nigra which denotes the presence of dopamine-producing neurons which project to the basal nuclei of the brain degeneration is the ultimate cause of parkinson’s
- The corpora quadrigemina of the midbrain integrates visual sensory input and auditory sensory input in order to coordinate head movements.
