Chapter 15 Flashcards
autonomic neurons are __
motor neurons
visceral sensory neurons are often linked to
autonomic motor neurons
visceral reflex synapses take place in
the lateral horn of gray matter
in most autonomic or visceral reflexes it is a __ that leads to the effector organ
two neuron chain
The effector organ for a somatic reflex is __ which would include a __.
skeletal muscle tissue, NMJ
All autonomic motor neurons innervate tissue through __
varicosities.
Varicosities are__
the ends of autonomic nerve fibers.
The __pathway is a two neuron chain pathway
efferent
what is a ganglion
a collection of cell bodies in the PNS
It’s always __ with the somatic junction.
ACh
The effect of target cells is always __ when ACh is released onto skeletal muscle but it can be __ in the autonomic system.
excitatory, excitatory or inhibitory
What makes the difference if a reaction in the autonomic system is inhibitory or excitatory
the receptor it binds to
Cell bodies of somatic motor neurons are only found in the __
CNS
Cell bodies of autonomic neurons in __
both the CNS and the PNS.
Postganglionic bodies are found in the __
ganglion in the PNS.
The only significant place where you only have one autonomic neuron is __
when you look at the innervation of the adrenal gland.
The portion of the adrenal gland called the adrenal medulla is often classified as__
the missing sympathetic postganglionic fiber.
The oculomotor nerve carries __ fibers with it.
sympathetic
The main big difference between parasympathetic and sympathetic anatomy in terms of the spinal cord is__
sympathetic neurons arise in the thoracic and lumbar region.
do autonomic fibers arise form the cervical spinal cord region
no
The autonomic ganglia for sympathetic fibers are typically close to the __
spinal cord
autonomic ganglia for sympathetic fibers have __ preganglionic fibers and __ post ganglionic fiber
short, long
All cranial nerves carry __ fibers.
parasympathetic
Damage to both right and left vagus nerves results in__
death.
The sympathetic chain ganglion contains the synapses between __
pre and postganglionic fibers.
why can preganglionic fibers be so short?
Because the sympathetic chain ganglion is so short
The sympathetic preganglionic fibers enter the chain through the __
white ramus.
after the sympathetic preganglionic fibers enter the chain through the white ramus, they could __
synapse or ascend or descend and synapse with a postganglionic fiber.
The sympathetic postganglionic fibers exit through the__
grey ramus
Sympathetic pre and postganglionic fibers are found in the __
sympathetic chain ganglion.
Parasympathetic neurons come from the__
brain stem and sacral regions of the spinal cord.
The PS ganglia are closer to the __ and S ganglia are closer to the __
target organ, spinal cord.
A __ nerve carries a sympathetic preganglionic fibers and carries them to the side to ___
splanchnic, collateral ganglia
The two types of neurons synapsing in the collateral ganglia are___ and ___neurons.
sympathetic preganglionic, sympathetic postganglionic
renal means
kidney
The adrenal glands sit right next to the
kidneys
the adrenal glands have __ layers
2
The adrenal medulla is the __
missing sympathetic postganglionic fiber.
The adrenal medulla releases __
epinephrine and norepinephrine.
the adrenal medulla is a __ organ so it dumps it’s products __ causing a more __ than localized
endocrine, directly into the blood, widespread
is dual innervation used on the PS or S part of the ANS
both
Autonomic tone in the blood vessels means __
you always want a little bit of constriction in the blood vessels.
Sympathetic preganglionic fibers release __
ACh.
Cholinergic means it releases __ and it needs to bind to a __ receptor.
ACh, cholinergic
Epinephrine is also known as
adrenaline.
Vasodilation means __ blood flow.
more
The limbic system can have a huge effect on your__system.
sympathetic
the autonomic system is also known as the __ or __ system
involuntary or visceral
the ANS is the system of __ neurons that innervates involuntary tissues such as smooth and cardiac muscle.
motor
The autonomic reflex arc plays a part in __
blood pressure regulation.
what are the effectors of the somatic nervous system
skeletal muscle
what are the effectors of the ANS
glands, smooth muscle, cardiac muscle
what is the control feature of the SNS
usually voluntary
what is the control feature of the ANS
usually involuntary
what are the distal nerve endings called in the SNS
NMJ
what are the distal nerve endings called in the ANS
varicosities
describe the efferent pathways in the SNS
One nerve fibers from CNS to the effector, no ganglia
describe the efferent pathways in the ANS
two nerve fibers from the CNS to the effector; synapse at a ganglion
what are the NT in the SNS
ACh
what are the NT in the ANS
ACh and NE
what is the effect on target cells in the SNS
always excitatory
what is the effect on target cells in the ANS
excitatory or inhibitory
what is the effect of denervation in the SNS
Flaccid paralysis
what is the effect of denervation in the ANS
denervation hypersensitivity
the ANS is a __ neuron chaiin
two
the cell bodies of preganglionic neurons are located in the
CNS
where do preganglionic neurons synapse with the postganglionic neurons
outside the CNS in the autonomic ganglia
the autonomic ganglia are considered part of the
PNS
where do postganglionic neurons terminate
at the effector organs
the PS anatomy is also known as the __
craniosacral division
the PS has __ pre and __ postganglionic fibers
long, short
the autonomic ganglia are located __ to effector organs
close
the __ nerve accounts for 90% of parasympathetic preganglionic fibers in the body.
vagus
The sympathetic anatomy is known as the __
thoracolumbar division.
the sympathetic system has __ preganglionic and __ long postganglionic fiber
short, long
Cell bodies of preganglionic neurons originate in __
the lateral horns of spinal cord gray matter from T1-L2.
The sympathetic chain ganglia contain synapses between __
pre/postganglionic fibers
The sympathetic chain ganglia run from __ of the vertebral column.
cervical to the coccygeal levels
Postganglionic fibers can exit the chain ganglion and return to the spinal nerve via the__ .
gray communicating rami
In some situations preganglionic neurons exit the sympathetic trunk and travel as __ to collateral ganglia where they synapse with postganglionic neurons.
splanchnic nerves
One bundle of ___neurons innervates the adrenal medulla
preganglionic
The adrenal gland has an__ and an __
inner medulla, outer cortex.
The adrenal medulla consists of modified__ without dendrites or axons.
postganglionic neurons
The adrenal medulla releases 85% __ 15% __and trace amounts of __ directly into the blood.
epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine
The adrenal medulla accounts for 20-50% of all __
sympathetic effects
__ is where most organs of the body are controlled by nerve innervation from the two ANS divisions- the parasympathetic and the sympathetic.
Dual innervation
__neurons are associated with “rest and digest
Parasympathetic
__neurons are associated with “fight, flight, fear, f**k”
Sympathetic
__maintains necessary muscular tone in the digestive organs and blood vessels while maintaining resting heart rate.
autonomic tone
ACh exerts a short-lived, localized control over its effector organs due to __activity.
acetylcholinesterase
__ fibers release ACh
Cholinergic
where can cholinergic fibers be found
in the preganglionic neurons of both the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions, postganglionic parasympathetic fibers, and a few sympathetic postganglionic fibers.
__ receptors bind to ACh
Cholinergic
nicotinic cholinergic receptor are always__ and also bind to nicotine.
excitatory
Muscarinic cholinergic receptors are __ and also bind to muscarine.
excitatory or inhibitory
__have more long-lasting diffuse control over the effector organ.
Norepinephrine and epinephrine
__ fibers release NE and E and are sympathetic postganglionic fibers.
Adrenergic
__receptors bind to NE
Adrenergic
__ is usually excitatory and__is usually inhibitory.
Alpha, beta
are all PS effects muscarinic?
yes
is pupillary dilation S or PS
S
is pupillary constriction S or PS
PS
is ciliary relaxation for far vision S or PS
S
is ciliary contraction for near vision P or PS
PS
Is the secretion of lacrimal glands PS or S
PS
is merocrine sweat glands PS or S
S
are apocrine sweat glands PS or S
S
are Piloerector muscles PS or S
S
does S or PS cause increased fat breakdown with adipose tissue
S
does the S or PS increase hormone secretion with the adrenal medulla
S
is increased heart rate and force PS or S
S
is decreased heart rate and force PS or S
PS
is vasodilation and vasoconstriction in the deep coronary arteries PS or S
S
is slight vasodilation in the deep Coronary arteries PS or S
PS
is vasoconstriction of the blood vessels of most viscera PS or S
S
is vasodilation of the blood vessels of most viscera PS or S
S
is vasodilation of blood vessels of skeletal muscles PS or S
S
is vasoconstriction of blood vessels of the skin PS or S
S
is vasodilation and blushing of the blood vessels of skin PS or S
PS
is the increased closing of platelets S or PS
S
is bronchodilation PS or S
S
is bronchoconstriction PS or S
PS
is reduced urine output PS or S
S
is bladder wall contraction PS or S
PS
is contraction of the internal urinary sphincter and urine retention PS or S
S
is relaxation fo the internal urinary sphincter and urine release PS or S
PS
is thick mucous secretion of the salivary glands S or PS
S
is thin mucous secretion of the salivary glands PS or S
PS
is decreased gastrointestinal motility PS or S
S
is increased gastrointestinal motility PS or S
PS
is decreased gastrointestinal secretion PS or S
S
is increased gastrointestinal secretion PS or S
PS
is glycogen breakdown in liver PS or S
S
is glycogen synthesis in the liver PS or S
PS
is decreased pancreatic enzyme secretion PS or S
S
is increased pancreatic enzyme secretion PS or S
PS
in decreased pancreatic insulin secretion PS or S
S
is stimulation of penile or clitoral erection PS or S
PS
is stimulation of glandular secretion of the reproductive system PS or S
PS
is stimulation of orgasm and smooth muscle roles PS or S
S
is relaxation of the uterus and labor contractions PS or S
S
