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TCU A+P > Chapter 15 > Flashcards

Chapter 15 Flashcards

1
Q

autonomic neurons are __

A

motor neurons

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2
Q

visceral sensory neurons are often linked to

A

autonomic motor neurons

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3
Q

visceral reflex synapses take place in

A

the lateral horn of gray matter

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4
Q

in most autonomic or visceral reflexes it is a __ that leads to the effector organ

A

two neuron chain

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5
Q

The effector organ for a somatic reflex is __ which would include a __.

A

skeletal muscle tissue, NMJ

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6
Q

All autonomic motor neurons innervate tissue through __

A

varicosities.

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7
Q

Varicosities are__

A

the ends of autonomic nerve fibers.

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8
Q

The __pathway is a two neuron chain pathway

A

efferent

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9
Q

what is a ganglion

A

a collection of cell bodies in the PNS

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10
Q

It’s always __ with the somatic junction.

A

ACh

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11
Q

The effect of target cells is always __ when ACh is released onto skeletal muscle but it can be __ in the autonomic system.

A

excitatory, excitatory or inhibitory

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12
Q

What makes the difference if a reaction in the autonomic system is inhibitory or excitatory

A

the receptor it binds to

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13
Q

Cell bodies of somatic motor neurons are only found in the __

A

CNS

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14
Q

Cell bodies of autonomic neurons in __

A

both the CNS and the PNS.

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15
Q

Postganglionic bodies are found in the __

A

ganglion in the PNS.

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16
Q

The only significant place where you only have one autonomic neuron is __

A

when you look at the innervation of the adrenal gland.

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17
Q

The portion of the adrenal gland called the adrenal medulla is often classified as__

A

the missing sympathetic postganglionic fiber.

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18
Q

The oculomotor nerve carries __ fibers with it.

A

sympathetic

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19
Q

The main big difference between parasympathetic and sympathetic anatomy in terms of the spinal cord is__

A

sympathetic neurons arise in the thoracic and lumbar region.

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20
Q

do autonomic fibers arise form the cervical spinal cord region

A

no

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21
Q

The autonomic ganglia for sympathetic fibers are typically close to the __

A

spinal cord

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22
Q

autonomic ganglia for sympathetic fibers have __ preganglionic fibers and __ post ganglionic fiber

A

short, long

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23
Q

All cranial nerves carry __ fibers.

A

parasympathetic

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24
Q

Damage to both right and left vagus nerves results in__

A

death.

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25
Q

The sympathetic chain ganglion contains the synapses between __

A

pre and postganglionic fibers.

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26
Q

why can preganglionic fibers be so short?

A

Because the sympathetic chain ganglion is so short

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27
Q

The sympathetic preganglionic fibers enter the chain through the __

A

white ramus.

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28
Q

after the sympathetic preganglionic fibers enter the chain through the white ramus, they could __

A

synapse or ascend or descend and synapse with a postganglionic fiber.

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29
Q

The sympathetic postganglionic fibers exit through the__

A

grey ramus

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30
Q

Sympathetic pre and postganglionic fibers are found in the __

A

sympathetic chain ganglion.

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31
Q

Parasympathetic neurons come from the__

A

brain stem and sacral regions of the spinal cord.

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32
Q

The PS ganglia are closer to the __ and S ganglia are closer to the __

A

target organ, spinal cord.

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33
Q

A __ nerve carries a sympathetic preganglionic fibers and carries them to the side to ___

A

splanchnic, collateral ganglia

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34
Q

The two types of neurons synapsing in the collateral ganglia are___ and ___neurons.

A

sympathetic preganglionic, sympathetic postganglionic

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35
Q

renal means

A

kidney

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36
Q

The adrenal glands sit right next to the

A

kidneys

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37
Q

the adrenal glands have __ layers

A

2

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38
Q

The adrenal medulla is the __

A

missing sympathetic postganglionic fiber.

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39
Q

The adrenal medulla releases __

A

epinephrine and norepinephrine.

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40
Q

the adrenal medulla is a __ organ so it dumps it’s products __ causing a more __ than localized

A

endocrine, directly into the blood, widespread

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41
Q

is dual innervation used on the PS or S part of the ANS

A

both

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42
Q

Autonomic tone in the blood vessels means __

A

you always want a little bit of constriction in the blood vessels.

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43
Q

Sympathetic preganglionic fibers release __

A

ACh.

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44
Q

Cholinergic means it releases __ and it needs to bind to a __ receptor.

A

ACh, cholinergic

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45
Q

Epinephrine is also known as

A

adrenaline.

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46
Q

Vasodilation means __ blood flow.

A

more

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47
Q

The limbic system can have a huge effect on your__system.

A

sympathetic

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48
Q

the autonomic system is also known as the __ or __ system

A

involuntary or visceral

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49
Q

the ANS is the system of __ neurons that innervates involuntary tissues such as smooth and cardiac muscle.

A

motor

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50
Q

The autonomic reflex arc plays a part in __

A

blood pressure regulation.

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51
Q

what are the effectors of the somatic nervous system

A

skeletal muscle

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52
Q

what are the effectors of the ANS

A

glands, smooth muscle, cardiac muscle

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53
Q

what is the control feature of the SNS

A

usually voluntary

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54
Q

what is the control feature of the ANS

A

usually involuntary

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55
Q

what are the distal nerve endings called in the SNS

A

NMJ

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56
Q

what are the distal nerve endings called in the ANS

A

varicosities

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57
Q

describe the efferent pathways in the SNS

A

One nerve fibers from CNS to the effector, no ganglia

58
Q

describe the efferent pathways in the ANS

A

two nerve fibers from the CNS to the effector; synapse at a ganglion

59
Q

what are the NT in the SNS

A

ACh

60
Q

what are the NT in the ANS

A

ACh and NE

61
Q

what is the effect on target cells in the SNS

A

always excitatory

62
Q

what is the effect on target cells in the ANS

A

excitatory or inhibitory

63
Q

what is the effect of denervation in the SNS

A

Flaccid paralysis

64
Q

what is the effect of denervation in the ANS

A

denervation hypersensitivity

65
Q

the ANS is a __ neuron chaiin

A

two

66
Q

the cell bodies of preganglionic neurons are located in the

A

CNS

67
Q

where do preganglionic neurons synapse with the postganglionic neurons

A

outside the CNS in the autonomic ganglia

68
Q

the autonomic ganglia are considered part of the

A

PNS

69
Q

where do postganglionic neurons terminate

A

at the effector organs

70
Q

the PS anatomy is also known as the __

A

craniosacral division

71
Q

the PS has __ pre and __ postganglionic fibers

A

long, short

72
Q

the autonomic ganglia are located __ to effector organs

A

close

73
Q

the __ nerve accounts for 90% of parasympathetic preganglionic fibers in the body.

A

vagus

74
Q

The sympathetic anatomy is known as the __

A

thoracolumbar division.

75
Q

the sympathetic system has __ preganglionic and __ long postganglionic fiber

A

short, long

76
Q

Cell bodies of preganglionic neurons originate in __

A

the lateral horns of spinal cord gray matter from T1-L2.

77
Q

The sympathetic chain ganglia contain synapses between __

A

pre/postganglionic fibers

78
Q

The sympathetic chain ganglia run from __ of the vertebral column.

A

cervical to the coccygeal levels

79
Q

Postganglionic fibers can exit the chain ganglion and return to the spinal nerve via the__ .

A

gray communicating rami

80
Q

In some situations preganglionic neurons exit the sympathetic trunk and travel as __ to collateral ganglia where they synapse with postganglionic neurons.

A

splanchnic nerves

81
Q

One bundle of ___neurons innervates the adrenal medulla

A

preganglionic

82
Q

The adrenal gland has an__ and an __

A

inner medulla, outer cortex.

83
Q

The adrenal medulla consists of modified__ without dendrites or axons.

A

postganglionic neurons

84
Q

The adrenal medulla releases 85% __ 15% __and trace amounts of __ directly into the blood.

A

epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine

85
Q

The adrenal medulla accounts for 20-50% of all __

A

sympathetic effects

86
Q

__ is where most organs of the body are controlled by nerve innervation from the two ANS divisions- the parasympathetic and the sympathetic.

A

Dual innervation

87
Q

__neurons are associated with “rest and digest

A

Parasympathetic

88
Q

__neurons are associated with “fight, flight, fear, f**k”

A

Sympathetic

89
Q

__maintains necessary muscular tone in the digestive organs and blood vessels while maintaining resting heart rate.

A

autonomic tone

90
Q

ACh exerts a short-lived, localized control over its effector organs due to __activity.

A

acetylcholinesterase

91
Q

__ fibers release ACh

A

Cholinergic

92
Q

where can cholinergic fibers be found

A

in the preganglionic neurons of both the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions, postganglionic parasympathetic fibers, and a few sympathetic postganglionic fibers.

93
Q

__ receptors bind to ACh

A

Cholinergic

94
Q

nicotinic cholinergic receptor are always__ and also bind to nicotine.

A

excitatory

95
Q

Muscarinic cholinergic receptors are __ and also bind to muscarine.

A

excitatory or inhibitory

96
Q

__have more long-lasting diffuse control over the effector organ.

A

Norepinephrine and epinephrine

97
Q

__ fibers release NE and E and are sympathetic postganglionic fibers.

A

Adrenergic

98
Q

__receptors bind to NE

A

Adrenergic

99
Q

__ is usually excitatory and__is usually inhibitory.

A

Alpha, beta

100
Q

are all PS effects muscarinic?

A

yes

101
Q

is pupillary dilation S or PS

A

S

102
Q

is pupillary constriction S or PS

A

PS

103
Q

is ciliary relaxation for far vision S or PS

A

S

104
Q

is ciliary contraction for near vision P or PS

A

PS

105
Q

Is the secretion of lacrimal glands PS or S

A

PS

106
Q

is merocrine sweat glands PS or S

A

S

107
Q

are apocrine sweat glands PS or S

A

S

108
Q

are Piloerector muscles PS or S

A

S

109
Q

does S or PS cause increased fat breakdown with adipose tissue

A

S

110
Q

does the S or PS increase hormone secretion with the adrenal medulla

A

S

111
Q

is increased heart rate and force PS or S

A

S

112
Q

is decreased heart rate and force PS or S

A

PS

113
Q

is vasodilation and vasoconstriction in the deep coronary arteries PS or S

A

S

114
Q

is slight vasodilation in the deep Coronary arteries PS or S

A

PS

115
Q

is vasoconstriction of the blood vessels of most viscera PS or S

A

S

116
Q

is vasodilation of the blood vessels of most viscera PS or S

A

S

117
Q

is vasodilation of blood vessels of skeletal muscles PS or S

A

S

118
Q

is vasoconstriction of blood vessels of the skin PS or S

A

S

119
Q

is vasodilation and blushing of the blood vessels of skin PS or S

A

PS

120
Q

is the increased closing of platelets S or PS

A

S

121
Q

is bronchodilation PS or S

A

S

122
Q

is bronchoconstriction PS or S

A

PS

123
Q

is reduced urine output PS or S

A

S

124
Q

is bladder wall contraction PS or S

A

PS

125
Q

is contraction of the internal urinary sphincter and urine retention PS or S

A

S

126
Q

is relaxation fo the internal urinary sphincter and urine release PS or S

A

PS

127
Q

is thick mucous secretion of the salivary glands S or PS

A

S

128
Q

is thin mucous secretion of the salivary glands PS or S

A

PS

129
Q

is decreased gastrointestinal motility PS or S

A

S

130
Q

is increased gastrointestinal motility PS or S

A

PS

131
Q

is decreased gastrointestinal secretion PS or S

A

S

132
Q

is increased gastrointestinal secretion PS or S

A

PS

133
Q

is glycogen breakdown in liver PS or S

A

S

134
Q

is glycogen synthesis in the liver PS or S

A

PS

135
Q

is decreased pancreatic enzyme secretion PS or S

A

S

136
Q

is increased pancreatic enzyme secretion PS or S

A

PS

137
Q

in decreased pancreatic insulin secretion PS or S

A

S

138
Q

is stimulation of penile or clitoral erection PS or S

A

PS

139
Q

is stimulation of glandular secretion of the reproductive system PS or S

A

PS

140
Q

is stimulation of orgasm and smooth muscle roles PS or S

A

S

141
Q

is relaxation of the uterus and labor contractions PS or S

A

S

TCU A+P (12 decks)

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