Chapter 15 Flashcards
(141 cards)
1
Q
autonomic neurons are __
A
motor neurons
2
Q
visceral sensory neurons are often linked to
A
autonomic motor neurons
3
Q
visceral reflex synapses take place in
A
the lateral horn of gray matter
4
Q
in most autonomic or visceral reflexes it is a __ that leads to the effector organ
A
two neuron chain
5
Q
The effector organ for a somatic reflex is __ which would include a __.
A
skeletal muscle tissue, NMJ
6
Q
All autonomic motor neurons innervate tissue through __
A
varicosities.
7
Q
Varicosities are__
A
the ends of autonomic nerve fibers.
8
Q
The __pathway is a two neuron chain pathway
A
efferent
9
Q
what is a ganglion
A
a collection of cell bodies in the PNS
10
Q
It’s always __ with the somatic junction.
A
ACh
11
Q
The effect of target cells is always __ when ACh is released onto skeletal muscle but it can be __ in the autonomic system.
A
excitatory, excitatory or inhibitory
12
Q
What makes the difference if a reaction in the autonomic system is inhibitory or excitatory
A
the receptor it binds to
13
Q
Cell bodies of somatic motor neurons are only found in the __
A
CNS
14
Q
Cell bodies of autonomic neurons in __
A
both the CNS and the PNS.
15
Q
Postganglionic bodies are found in the __
A
ganglion in the PNS.
16
Q
The only significant place where you only have one autonomic neuron is __
A
when you look at the innervation of the adrenal gland.
17
Q
The portion of the adrenal gland called the adrenal medulla is often classified as__
A
the missing sympathetic postganglionic fiber.
18
Q
The oculomotor nerve carries __ fibers with it.
A
sympathetic
19
Q
The main big difference between parasympathetic and sympathetic anatomy in terms of the spinal cord is__
A
sympathetic neurons arise in the thoracic and lumbar region.
20
Q
do autonomic fibers arise form the cervical spinal cord region
A
no
21
Q
The autonomic ganglia for sympathetic fibers are typically close to the __
A
spinal cord
22
Q
autonomic ganglia for sympathetic fibers have __ preganglionic fibers and __ post ganglionic fiber
A
short, long
23
Q
All cranial nerves carry __ fibers.
A
parasympathetic
24
Q
Damage to both right and left vagus nerves results in__
A
death.
25
The sympathetic chain ganglion contains the synapses between __
pre and postganglionic fibers.
26
why can preganglionic fibers be so short?
Because the sympathetic chain ganglion is so short
27
The sympathetic preganglionic fibers enter the chain through the __
white ramus.
28
after the sympathetic preganglionic fibers enter the chain through the white ramus, they could __
synapse or ascend or descend and synapse with a postganglionic fiber.
29
The sympathetic postganglionic fibers exit through the__
grey ramus
30
Sympathetic pre and postganglionic fibers are found in the __
sympathetic chain ganglion.
31
Parasympathetic neurons come from the__
brain stem and sacral regions of the spinal cord.
32
The PS ganglia are closer to the __ and S ganglia are closer to the __
target organ, spinal cord.
33
A __ nerve carries a sympathetic preganglionic fibers and carries them to the side to ___
splanchnic, collateral ganglia
34
The two types of neurons synapsing in the collateral ganglia are___ and ___neurons.
sympathetic preganglionic, sympathetic postganglionic
35
renal means
kidney
36
The adrenal glands sit right next to the
kidneys
37
the adrenal glands have __ layers
2
38
The adrenal medulla is the __
missing sympathetic postganglionic fiber.
39
The adrenal medulla releases __
epinephrine and norepinephrine.
40
the adrenal medulla is a __ organ so it dumps it's products __ causing a more __ than localized
endocrine, directly into the blood, widespread
41
is dual innervation used on the PS or S part of the ANS
both
42
Autonomic tone in the blood vessels means __
you always want a little bit of constriction in the blood vessels.
43
Sympathetic preganglionic fibers release __
ACh.
44
Cholinergic means it releases __ and it needs to bind to a __ receptor.
ACh, cholinergic
45
Epinephrine is also known as
adrenaline.
46
Vasodilation means __ blood flow.
more
47
The limbic system can have a huge effect on your__system.
sympathetic
48
the autonomic system is also known as the __ or __ system
involuntary or visceral
49
the ANS is the system of __ neurons that innervates involuntary tissues such as smooth and cardiac muscle.
motor
50
The autonomic reflex arc plays a part in __
blood pressure regulation.
51
what are the effectors of the somatic nervous system
skeletal muscle
52
what are the effectors of the ANS
glands, smooth muscle, cardiac muscle
53
what is the control feature of the SNS
usually voluntary
54
what is the control feature of the ANS
usually involuntary
55
what are the distal nerve endings called in the SNS
NMJ
56
what are the distal nerve endings called in the ANS
varicosities
57
describe the efferent pathways in the SNS
One nerve fibers from CNS to the effector, no ganglia
58
describe the efferent pathways in the ANS
two nerve fibers from the CNS to the effector; synapse at a ganglion
59
what are the NT in the SNS
ACh
60
what are the NT in the ANS
ACh and NE
61
what is the effect on target cells in the SNS
always excitatory
62
what is the effect on target cells in the ANS
excitatory or inhibitory
63
what is the effect of denervation in the SNS
Flaccid paralysis
64
what is the effect of denervation in the ANS
denervation hypersensitivity
65
the ANS is a __ neuron chaiin
two
66
the cell bodies of preganglionic neurons are located in the
CNS
67
where do preganglionic neurons synapse with the postganglionic neurons
outside the CNS in the autonomic ganglia
68
the autonomic ganglia are considered part of the
PNS
69
where do postganglionic neurons terminate
at the effector organs
70
the PS anatomy is also known as the __
craniosacral division
71
the PS has __ pre and __ postganglionic fibers
long, short
72
the autonomic ganglia are located __ to effector organs
close
73
the __ nerve accounts for 90% of parasympathetic preganglionic fibers in the body.
vagus
74
The sympathetic anatomy is known as the __
thoracolumbar division.
75
the sympathetic system has __ preganglionic and __ long postganglionic fiber
short, long
76
Cell bodies of preganglionic neurons originate in __
the lateral horns of spinal cord gray matter from T1-L2.
77
The sympathetic chain ganglia contain synapses between __
pre/postganglionic fibers
78
The sympathetic chain ganglia run from __ of the vertebral column.
cervical to the coccygeal levels
79
Postganglionic fibers can exit the chain ganglion and return to the spinal nerve via the__ .
gray communicating rami
80
In some situations preganglionic neurons exit the sympathetic trunk and travel as __ to collateral ganglia where they synapse with postganglionic neurons.
splanchnic nerves
81
One bundle of ___neurons innervates the adrenal medulla
preganglionic
82
The adrenal gland has an__ and an __
inner medulla, outer cortex.
83
The adrenal medulla consists of modified__ without dendrites or axons.
postganglionic neurons
84
The adrenal medulla releases 85% __ 15% __and trace amounts of __ directly into the blood.
epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine
85
The adrenal medulla accounts for 20-50% of all __
sympathetic effects
86
__ is where most organs of the body are controlled by nerve innervation from the two ANS divisions- the parasympathetic and the sympathetic.
Dual innervation
87
__neurons are associated with “rest and digest
Parasympathetic
88
__neurons are associated with “fight, flight, fear, f**k”
Sympathetic
89
__maintains necessary muscular tone in the digestive organs and blood vessels while maintaining resting heart rate.
autonomic tone
90
ACh exerts a short-lived, localized control over its effector organs due to __activity.
acetylcholinesterase
91
__ fibers release ACh
Cholinergic
92
where can cholinergic fibers be found
in the preganglionic neurons of both the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions, postganglionic parasympathetic fibers, and a few sympathetic postganglionic fibers.
93
__ receptors bind to ACh
Cholinergic
94
nicotinic cholinergic receptor are always__ and also bind to nicotine.
excitatory
95
Muscarinic cholinergic receptors are __ and also bind to muscarine.
excitatory or inhibitory
96
__have more long-lasting diffuse control over the effector organ.
Norepinephrine and epinephrine
97
__ fibers release NE and E and are sympathetic postganglionic fibers.
Adrenergic
98
__receptors bind to NE
Adrenergic
99
__ is usually excitatory and__is usually inhibitory.
Alpha, beta
100
are all PS effects muscarinic?
yes
101
is pupillary dilation S or PS
S
102
is pupillary constriction S or PS
PS
103
is ciliary relaxation for far vision S or PS
S
104
is ciliary contraction for near vision P or PS
PS
105
Is the secretion of lacrimal glands PS or S
PS
106
is merocrine sweat glands PS or S
S
107
are apocrine sweat glands PS or S
S
108
are Piloerector muscles PS or S
S
109
does S or PS cause increased fat breakdown with adipose tissue
S
110
does the S or PS increase hormone secretion with the adrenal medulla
S
111
is increased heart rate and force PS or S
S
112
is decreased heart rate and force PS or S
PS
113
is vasodilation and vasoconstriction in the deep coronary arteries PS or S
S
114
is slight vasodilation in the deep Coronary arteries PS or S
PS
115
is vasoconstriction of the blood vessels of most viscera PS or S
S
116
is vasodilation of the blood vessels of most viscera PS or S
S
117
is vasodilation of blood vessels of skeletal muscles PS or S
S
118
is vasoconstriction of blood vessels of the skin PS or S
S
119
is vasodilation and blushing of the blood vessels of skin PS or S
PS
120
is the increased closing of platelets S or PS
S
121
is bronchodilation PS or S
S
122
is bronchoconstriction PS or S
PS
123
is reduced urine output PS or S
S
124
is bladder wall contraction PS or S
PS
125
is contraction of the internal urinary sphincter and urine retention PS or S
S
126
is relaxation fo the internal urinary sphincter and urine release PS or S
PS
127
is thick mucous secretion of the salivary glands S or PS
S
128
is thin mucous secretion of the salivary glands PS or S
PS
129
is decreased gastrointestinal motility PS or S
S
130
is increased gastrointestinal motility PS or S
PS
131
is decreased gastrointestinal secretion PS or S
S
132
is increased gastrointestinal secretion PS or S
PS
133
is glycogen breakdown in liver PS or S
S
134
is glycogen synthesis in the liver PS or S
PS
135
is decreased pancreatic enzyme secretion PS or S
S
136
is increased pancreatic enzyme secretion PS or S
PS
137
in decreased pancreatic insulin secretion PS or S
S
138
is stimulation of penile or clitoral erection PS or S
PS
139
is stimulation of glandular secretion of the reproductive system PS or S
PS
140
is stimulation of orgasm and smooth muscle roles PS or S
S
141
is relaxation of the uterus and labor contractions PS or S
S
